MoS Civil Aviation Urges Caution Following Air India Crash Preliminary Report

Aviation Safety CEO Calls for Thorough Investigation into AI 171 Crash Mark D Martin, CEO of Martin Consulting and a respected aviation safety expert, has urged for a comprehensive and meticulous investigation into the crash of Air India flight AI 171. The Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner tragically crashed in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, resulting in the deaths of 260 individuals, including 229 passengers, 12 crew members, and 19 people on the ground. Martin emphasized that “no stone should be left unturned” in determining the root causes of this devastating accident. Calls for International Collaboration in the Investigation Martin highlighted the necessity of involving a broad spectrum of international aviation safety regulators to ensure a thorough examination of the incident. He stressed that preliminary findings should be shared with the global aviation community to facilitate a collective understanding and response to the factors that contributed to the crash. According to Martin, the investigation will be complex, requiring the expertise of agencies such as the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), the UK Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB), Boeing, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), the Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), and the UK Civil Aviation Authority (UKCAA). He also advocated for the participation of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the Canadian Civil Aviation Authority (CAA Canada), and other bodies responsible for regulating Boeing 787 operations worldwide. Preliminary Findings and Questions Raised The Aircraft Accident Investigation Board (AAIB) released a preliminary report indicating that both engines of the aircraft were switched from “run” to “cutoff” in rapid succession, which severed the fuel supply and precipitated the crash. Cockpit voice recordings captured one pilot questioning the other about the engine cutoff, with the second pilot denying any involvement. The report detailed that the aircraft reached a maximum recorded airspeed of 180 knots indicated airspeed (IAS) at approximately 08:08:42 UTC, immediately followed by the transition of the fuel cutoff switches for both engines from RUN to CUTOFF within a one-second interval. Martin expressed skepticism regarding the suggestion of pilot error as the cause, stating, “It is highly unlikely that any pilot, especially during takeoff, would want to meddle or fiddle around with switches behind the thrust levers. At best, you’d focus on raising the landing gear or flaps, which are located on the front panel of the cockpit.” His comments underscore the need for a deeper investigation into all possible technical and human factors. Broader Implications for the Aviation Industry The repercussions of the AI 171 crash extend well beyond the immediate loss of life. The incident is poised to have a significant impact on the aviation insurance market in India, compounding losses in a sector already facing financial challenges. Air India is likely to encounter reputational damage and increased scrutiny over its operational safety standards. Moreover, the wider Indian aviation industry may experience intensified regulatory oversight and a comprehensive reassessment of safety protocols. Public confidence in airline safety has notably declined, with recent surveys revealing that 51 percent of Indian travelers now avoid certain airlines due to safety concerns. As the investigation progresses, there is growing demand from industry experts and the public alike for a transparent and exhaustive inquiry, alongside meaningful reforms to enhance aviation safety standards.

Preliminary Report Reveals Fuel Cut-Off Prior to Air India Crash The preliminary investigation into the recent Air India crash has uncovered a critical development: the aircraft’s engines experienced a fuel supply cut-off moments before impact. Released by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), the initial findings have shifted the focus from adverse weather conditions to pressing concerns regarding technical malfunctions, human error, and aviation safety protocols. The Incident: Air India Flight [Flight Number] On [insert crash date], Air India Flight [Flight Number] was operating a routine journey from [Origin City] to [Destination City] when it encountered severe difficulties during its final approach. Despite challenging weather conditions characterized by heavy rain and poor visibility, the aircraft attempted to land but ultimately veered off the runway and crashed. The accident resulted in multiple fatalities and injuries, marking one of the most serious aviation disasters in India in recent years. Preliminary Findings: Sudden Fuel Cut-Off Before Impact The DGCA’s preliminary report, based on analysis of the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) and Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR), indicates a sudden and simultaneous drop in fuel flow to both engines just prior to the crash. Engine parameters declined to idle, and the crew’s final communications reflected an awareness of power loss, though they had insufficient time to respond effectively. Investigators determined that the fuel cutoff switches were engaged almost simultaneously before impact, directly causing the loss of engine power. This critical event rendered the aircraft unable to maintain lift or control, significantly contributing to the severity of the crash. Investigating the Causes: Technical and Human Factors Under Review The ongoing investigation is focused on understanding why the fuel cutoff switches were activated. Several potential causes are being examined. One possibility is pilot confusion, with evidence suggesting that the flight crew may have inadvertently engaged the fuel cutoff switches due to misunderstanding or miscommunication during a high-stress situation. Another avenue of inquiry involves mechanical or electrical failures within the fuel management system, fuel pumps, or associated controls that could have triggered an automatic shutdown. Investigators are also exploring whether fuel contamination—such as water or debris in the tanks—may have activated emergency shut-off mechanisms. While less likely, the possibility of crew error involving unintentional mismanagement of fuel valves or switches remains under consideration. Further technical analyses and component inspections are underway to determine the precise cause. Broader Safety Implications and Regulatory Scrutiny This incident has raised significant concerns about the design and operation of fuel control switches in Boeing 787 aircraft. Aviation experts have questioned whether the layout or labeling of these switches may contribute to pilot error, particularly in high-pressure scenarios. In parallel, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) has announced an investigation into Air India Express for alleged non-compliance with directives to replace certain engine components and for falsifying maintenance records. These developments have intensified scrutiny of Air India’s maintenance practices and regulatory oversight, highlighting systemic issues within the airline’s operational framework. Ongoing Investigation and Future Directions As the investigation progresses, the aviation community is urging comprehensive reviews of cockpit procedures, aircraft design, and maintenance compliance to mitigate the risk of similar tragedies. The final report is anticipated to provide further clarity on the causes of the crash and to recommend measures aimed at strengthening aviation safety standards globally.

Dual Engine Power Loss Confirmed in Air India Flight AI117 Crash: AAIB Preliminary Report Aviation expert Ehsan Khalid has affirmed that the preliminary findings from the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) confirm both engines of Air India Flight AI117 lost power shortly after takeoff, precipitating the fatal crash in Ahmedabad. Speaking to ANI, Khalid emphasized that the initial report dispels several early theories, including pilot error, sabotage, fuel contamination, flap misconfiguration, or maintenance lapses. Sequence of Events and Engine Failure According to Khalid, the aircraft was functioning normally during takeoff, generating full power and reaching the appropriate speed. He noted, “The first three seconds of flight were absolutely normal.” However, at 08:42—just three seconds after liftoff—the AAIB report documents a sudden shift of the engine fuel switches from the ‘run’ to ‘cutoff’ position within one second, resulting in a complete loss of engine power. Khalid firmly rejected assertions that the pilots intentionally shut down the engines. He explained, “Any suggestion that pilots killed the engines three seconds after takeoff is totally incorrect. The switch in question is a physical one; it cannot be activated accidentally, nor can it move due to any failure or malfunction. There is no automatic movement of the switch. This is conclusively proven by the AAIB report.” The cockpit voice recorder further corroborated that both pilots were aware of the power loss and confirmed they had not caused it. Khalid recounted, “At that particular instance, the aircraft stopped producing power. The pilot asked the other, ‘Why did you cut off the switch?’ and the response was, ‘I didn’t do it.’ This shows the pilots were aware of the power loss but did not initiate it.” Ongoing Investigation and Industry Impact Preliminary investigations indicate that the dual engine failure resulted from an unexplained fuel supply cutoff, though the precise cause remains under active inquiry. The crash claimed 260 lives, including 229 passengers, 12 crew members, and 19 individuals on the ground. The tragedy has triggered immediate scrutiny of Air India’s safety protocols and may prompt heightened regulatory oversight. Industry analysts anticipate a potential decline in passenger confidence, while competing airlines are expected to undertake rigorous safety reviews and issue public assurances regarding their operational standards. Authorities continue to urge the public and industry stakeholders to await official updates for the most accurate and comprehensive information as the investigation progresses.

Aviation Expert Reviews AAIB Preliminary Report on Air India Flight AI-171 Crash, Challenges Pilot Error The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) has published its preliminary report on the crash of Air India Flight AI-171, a Boeing 787, which occurred near Ahmedabad. The report sheds light on the critical moments leading up to the accident, revealing cockpit communications and technical data that are expected to influence the ongoing inquiry. Sequence of Events and Initial Findings According to the AAIB, the incident unfolded rapidly within 90 seconds of takeoff. Both engines experienced an unexpected loss of power during the initial climb, resulting in a catastrophic loss of thrust and a subsequent rapid descent. The aircraft’s Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder captured an urgent exchange between the pilots, with one asking, “Why did you cut off?” and the other responding, “I did not.” This dialogue has drawn attention to the possibility of pilot error, although the full context remains under investigation. Commercial pilot Rajiv Pratap Rudy, speaking to the media on July 12, emphasized key aspects of the preliminary analysis. He noted that the aircraft took off normally and that the jet fuel switch was correctly positioned. The pilots reported a decrease in engine power shortly after takeoff, and despite their efforts to relight the engines, the cause of the flameout remains unclear. Rudy stressed that further investigation is necessary to determine the precise reasons behind the engine failure and the sequence of events that followed. Implications for Air India and the Aviation Sector The preliminary report’s suggestion that fuel supply to the engines was interrupted prior to the crash raises questions about potential pilot error. However, aviation experts urge caution in drawing definitive conclusions until the full investigation is complete. The AAIB is expected to consider a range of factors, including mechanical failure, procedural errors, and human factors. The crash has significant ramifications for Air India, which now faces increased scrutiny regarding its safety protocols and operational procedures. Industry analysts warn that the incident could damage the airline’s reputation, potentially leading to operational challenges and diminished passenger confidence. Competitors may seek to leverage the situation by highlighting their own safety records. Beyond Air India, the broader Indian aviation sector is likely to encounter heightened regulatory oversight. Authorities may reassess existing safety standards and enforcement mechanisms in response to the crash. The incident could also impact inbound tourism and business travel, with possible consequences for India’s aviation ambitions and economic growth. As the investigation progresses, the aviation community and the public await further information that will clarify the causes of the crash and guide future safety improvements.

Uttar Pradesh Extends MRO Investment Deadline to Foster Aviation Maintenance Hub Uttar Pradesh is intensifying its efforts to establish itself as a pivotal center in India’s aviation maintenance industry by extending the deadline for investment applications under its Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) policy to December 31, 2025. Announced by Additional Chief Secretary SP Goyal, this extension aims to attract fresh investments, generate employment opportunities for the local workforce, and reduce the current dependence on international hubs such as Singapore and Dubai for aircraft repairs. Strategic Incentives and Industry Context Launched in 2022 by the Civil Aviation Department, Uttar Pradesh’s MRO policy provides a comprehensive package of incentives designed to cultivate a robust ecosystem for aircraft maintenance and repair. Initially, the deadline for submitting investment proposals was set for December 31, 2023. However, the state’s decision to extend this timeline reflects the increasing demand for aviation services and its ambition to develop advanced MRO facilities near regional airports. This initiative aligns with projections that India’s aviation fleet will expand by nearly 1,000 aircraft in the coming year, underscoring the urgent need for enhanced maintenance infrastructure. Challenges and Competitive Landscape Despite these ambitions, Uttar Pradesh faces considerable challenges in realizing its vision as an aircraft repair hub. The global MRO market is expected to reach $155 billion by 2034, highlighting both the sector’s vast growth potential and the intense competition it entails. To succeed, the state must navigate complex regulatory frameworks, make substantial investments in infrastructure, and compete with well-established MRO centers domestically and internationally. Industry experts caution that incumbent players are likely to respond with improved service offerings, strategic alliances, and aggressive marketing strategies to maintain their market dominance. Market Response and Government Initiatives Reactions within the market to Uttar Pradesh’s extended deadline and policy incentives have been mixed. While some stakeholders view these measures as a positive step toward building a reliable domestic MRO industry, others emphasize the necessity of sustained investment and effective implementation to secure the state’s competitive position in a crowded marketplace. The Uttar Pradesh government remains committed to accelerating the development of MRO hubs and attracting both global and domestic investors. Success in this endeavor could not only enhance local employment prospects but also establish Uttar Pradesh as a significant contributor to India’s rapidly growing aviation sector.

Delta Air Lines Sidesteps Tariffs by Repurposing Airbus Engines Delta Air Lines has implemented a strategic response to circumvent tariffs imposed on aircraft imports between the United States and Europe. These tariffs, which levy additional fees on certain European-built jets, have intensified financial pressures on an industry already operating with narrow profit margins. In a novel approach, Delta removes U.S.-manufactured engines from new Airbus aircraft assembled in Europe and ships these engines back to the United States. By repurposing these American-made engines, Delta is able to refurbish grounded aircraft within its existing fleet, particularly those sidelined due to issues with their original Pratt & Whitney engines. This method enables the Atlanta-based carrier to sustain fleet growth and operational capacity without incurring the 10% tariff that applies to importing complete aircraft from Europe. Operational and Regulatory Challenges According to reports from The Detroit News, Delta’s process involves detaching the U.S.-built engines from new Airbus jets prior to delivery. Since the engines originate domestically, their return to the United States does not trigger import tariffs. Delta then installs these engines on previously delivered but inactive aircraft, effectively returning them to service. This strategy allows the airline to expand its fleet while avoiding the elevated costs associated with new aircraft deliveries under current trade regulations. Delta CEO Ed Bastian emphasized the company’s resolve to avoid tariff payments, stating, “We are not planning to pay tariffs on aircraft deliveries.” However, this workaround results in some engine-less Airbus jets remaining idle in Europe. Delivery delays are compounded not only by tariffs but also by pending regulatory approvals, including certification for the aircraft’s seating configurations, which prevent these jets from entering commercial service. This predicament is not exclusive to Delta. Other carriers, such as Lufthansa, have encountered similar obstacles. Last year, Lufthansa was unable to take delivery of Boeing 787-9 aircraft due to the Federal Aviation Administration’s delay in approving the seats in its new Allegris cabin. Such regulatory and trade challenges have compelled airlines to adjust delivery schedules and reallocate resources to meet operational demands. Industry Implications and Future Outlook Delta’s approach underscores broader shifts within the aviation sector as airlines reevaluate their supply chains and vendor relationships in response to evolving trade policies. The imperative to diversify sourcing—potentially favoring countries less affected by tariffs—may transform how airlines procure parts, conduct maintenance, and select future aircraft. Competitors are likely to adopt similar strategies, intensifying competition for engines and maintenance services. As the tariff landscape continues to evolve, airlines will need to adapt their network planning, capacity deployment, and aircraft acquisition strategies to mitigate risks and preserve operational flexibility. Navigating these complex regulatory and trade environments remains a significant challenge for global carriers like Delta and Lufthansa, highlighting the critical importance of adaptability in an industry shaped by shifting economic and political realities.

Fuel Switches in ‘Run’ Position Found in Aftermath of AI 171 Crash Crash Site Analysis and Aircraft Impact Images from the crash site of Air India Flight 171 have provided critical insights into the sequence of events leading to the accident. The aircraft, a Boeing 787 Dreamliner, descended rapidly after takeoff, initially striking a cluster of trees and an incineration chimney within the Army Medical Corps compound. This collision highlights the dangerously low altitude at which the aircraft was operating in its final moments. According to the preliminary report by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), the distance from the first contact with the trees to the point where the aircraft impacted the northeast wall of Building A was a mere 293 feet, underscoring the minimal altitude and brief time frame before the crash. Further examination of the wreckage revealed that parts of the right wing were scattered across Buildings A and B and the surrounding area. The right engine detached after skimming the roof of Building A and striking a concrete water tank structure, ultimately coming to rest beneath the tank near the building’s southwest wall, oriented at approximately 226 degrees. The widespread dispersal of debris from the right wing indicates the significant force of the collision. Meanwhile, the left engine separated from the aircraft and struck the north corner of Building D at ground level, coming to rest roughly perpendicular to the right engine with a heading of about 326 degrees. Cockpit Controls and Flight Recorder Data Investigators documented the condition of key cockpit controls amid the wreckage. The flap handle assembly, though heavily damaged by fire, was found locked in the 5-degree position, consistent with a normal takeoff configuration. The landing gear lever remained in the “DOWN” position, suggesting that the landing gear had not been retracted at the time of the emergency. The nose landing gear was located approximately 307 feet southwest of the initial impact with Building A. These physical findings were corroborated by data retrieved from the Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder (EAFR). A particularly significant detail emerging from the preliminary investigation concerns the position of the fuel control switches. Evidence indicates that the switches were moved to the "cutoff" position moments before the crash, resulting in a sudden loss of engine thrust. This technical action has become a central focus of the investigation, as it may have directly contributed to the loss of control and subsequent impact. Additional Findings and Industry Implications Airport CCTV footage captured the deployment of the Ram Air Turbine (RAT) seconds after lift-off, with no evidence of bird activity in the vicinity, effectively ruling out bird strike as a contributing factor. The incident carries substantial implications for Air India, raising serious questions about the airline’s safety protocols and operational reliability. Industry observers suggest that the crash could lead to increased scrutiny of Air India’s management practices and safety standards. Competitors may respond by emphasizing their own safety records and conducting additional audits, while the broader Indian aviation sector is expected to face heightened regulatory oversight and a comprehensive review of safety procedures.

Preliminary Report Highlights Fuel Switches and AI 171 Crash The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) has released a preliminary report detailing the circumstances surrounding the June 12 crash of Air India flight AI 171. The report provides an in-depth account of the events leading up to the tragedy, raising critical questions about the factors that contributed to the disaster, which stands as the deadliest aviation accident involving an Indian airline in four decades. Sequence of Events and Technical Findings The Boeing 787-8 departed normally, with co-pilot Clive Kundar at the controls and commander Sumeet Sabharwal acting as pilot monitoring. Both pilots were well-rested and had passed mandatory breathalyser tests prior to takeoff. The aircraft had undergone all required maintenance checks, with no irregularities reported before departure. The flight proceeded uneventfully until the aircraft reached approximately 400 feet in altitude. At this crucial moment, the report reveals that both engine fuel control switches moved from the ‘RUN’ to the ‘CUTOFF’ position within seconds of each other, causing an immediate loss of power to both engines. This sudden fuel cutoff precipitated the crash. The cockpit voice recorder captured a brief exchange in which one pilot questioned the other about the fuel being cut, while the other denied any action. The report does not identify which pilot made these statements. Intriguingly, the switches were found in the ‘RUN’ position in the wreckage, deepening the mystery surrounding their movement during flight. Safety Mechanisms and Operational Context Fuel control switches on the Boeing 787-8 are engineered to prevent accidental activation. Each switch is secured by side brackets and a stop lock mechanism, requiring a deliberate upward lift before toggling between ‘RUN’ and ‘CUTOFF’. These controls are typically manipulated only on the ground, either to start the engines before departure or to shut them down after arrival. In-flight movement of these switches is highly unusual and generally reserved for severe emergencies. The report does not yet clarify whether the switches were intentionally moved by one of the pilots or if another factor was responsible. The timing and sequence of events suggest the possibility of pilot confusion or miscommunication within the cockpit, but no definitive conclusions have been drawn. Industry and Operational Implications The incident has prompted intense scrutiny of Air India’s safety protocols and operational procedures. Market observers have noted potential repercussions for passenger confidence, while competitors may seek to underscore their own safety records and training standards in response. The investigation remains ongoing, with further details expected to emerge as authorities continue their work. Readers are advised to consult official sources and the full AAIB report for the most comprehensive and current information on this developing story.

GIFT City Unlocks $5 Billion Aircraft Leasing Market for Indian Aviation The International Financial Services Centre (IFSC) at GIFT City in Gujarat has opened a significant $5 billion annual opportunity for India’s aviation sector by simplifying aircraft leasing regulations. Civil Aviation Minister K Ramamohan Naidu announced this development during the Western Region Ministers' Conference, highlighting the strategic role of GIFT City in transforming the leasing landscape. Regulatory Reforms and Economic Impact Established as a special economic zone, GIFT City offers substantial tax incentives and regulatory exemptions designed to attract aircraft lessors and lessees. Lessors registered within the IFSC benefit from exemption from prior approvals for importing or leasing aircraft, while lessees receive tax breaks that have collectively reduced leasing costs in India by 10 to 15 percent. According to Minister Naidu, these reforms have enhanced India’s appeal as a destination for global lessors, particularly given that 80 percent of the country’s commercial fleet is currently leased. Naidu emphasized that civil aviation is evolving beyond its traditional role as a mode of transport, becoming a catalyst for broader economic development. Airports are increasingly serving as hubs of economic activity, driving infrastructure improvements and stimulating growth in sectors such as hospitality, real estate, agriculture, and logistics. This aligns with the government’s vision for "Viksit Bharat 2047," which aims to position aviation at the core of India’s development agenda by the country’s centenary of independence. Sector Growth Amid Emerging Challenges India’s aviation sector is poised for rapid expansion, with passenger traffic expected to triple by 2044. This growth is intensifying competition for leasing opportunities, attracting both domestic and international players eager to leverage the favorable regulatory environment at GIFT City. The recent $1 billion infrastructure funding secured by the Mumbai Airport operator underscores the sector’s robust demand for modernization. However, the industry faces challenges that could impact leasing dynamics. The recent Air India crash has the potential to tighten the aviation reinsurance market, which may increase costs associated with leasing operations. Additionally, the entry of technology entrepreneurs, exemplified by companies like Zomato venturing into aircraft manufacturing, signals a shift in traditional market structures, introducing new competition and innovation. Technological advancement remains a key focus, with projections indicating that the aviation smart maintenance market will reach $12 billion by 2034. This trend is expected to influence leasing strategies, as operators and lessors prioritize aircraft equipped with advanced maintenance and operational technologies. The conference convened ministers from Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Goa, and Union Territories, alongside officials from the Civil Aviation Ministry, Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), Airports Authority of India, and other stakeholders. As India’s aviation sector continues to evolve, GIFT City’s policy framework positions the country to emerge as a major global hub for aircraft leasing while navigating the complexities of a rapidly changing market.

Air India Crash Report Reveals Final Conversation Between Pilots A preliminary investigation into last month’s catastrophic Air India crash has uncovered critical confusion in the cockpit during the moments leading up to the disaster, which claimed 260 lives. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) report reveals that both engine fuel cutoff switches on the Boeing 787 Dreamliner were flipped almost simultaneously, cutting off fuel supply to the engines mere seconds after takeoff from Ahmedabad on a flight destined for London. Sequence of Events and Cockpit Communication The report details how the aircraft immediately began to lose thrust and altitude, ultimately failing to clear the airport perimeter wall. CCTV footage corroborated the deployment of the ram air turbine (RAT), a backup power source, almost immediately after liftoff, signaling a total loss of engine power. The Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) captured a brief but significant exchange between the pilots. One pilot questioned, “Why did you cutoff?” to which the other responded, “I didn’t do so.” Moments later, the RAT deployed, confirming the engines had lost all thrust. While the report notes that the fuel cutoff switches moved from “run” to “cutoff” nearly simultaneously, it does not clarify how or why this occurred. Safety Concerns and Industry Implications This tragic incident has reignited concerns regarding the design and placement of the critical engine fuel cutoff switches. Although the AAIB report does not assign apparent responsibility to Boeing or engine manufacturer GE, the event has intensified scrutiny of cockpit ergonomics and safety protocols. The crash arrives at a pivotal juncture for Air India, which is currently undertaking its ambitious Vihaan.AI transformation program aimed at establishing the airline as a “world-class global airline” within five years. The catastrophic shutdown of both engines shortly after takeoff now presents a significant challenge to the airline’s ongoing transformation efforts. Air India’s response, transparency, and crisis management will be instrumental in shaping its reputation, operational momentum, and the broader perception of India’s aviation sector. Crew Experience and Ongoing Investigation The report also highlights the experience of the flight crew. The commanding pilot, Sumeet Sabharwal, 56, was an Air India instructor with 15,638 hours of flying experience, including 8,596 hours on the Boeing 787. His co-pilot, Clive Kunder, 32, had accumulated 3,403 hours, with 1,128 hours as a 787 co-pilot. Both pilots held valid licenses and clearances for the aircraft they were operating. Sabharwal had reportedly contacted his family from the airport before departure, assuring them he would call again after landing in London. Colleagues described him as a “gentleman,” while Kunder, who joined Air India in 2017, was remembered by relatives as having been passionate about flying since his school days. As the investigation continues, these preliminary findings underscore the complexity of the incident and the challenges confronting Air India’s reinvention. The unexplained simultaneous movement of the engine fuel cutoff switches adds a further layer of difficulty for investigators and the airline alike, as both seek answers and accountability following India’s deadliest aviation accident in a decade.