GA Telesis Dismantles A321 Aircraft Acquired from Magnetic Leasing

Saudia Advances Aviation Digital Transformation with New Order System Powered by Amadeus Saudia, the national flag carrier of Saudi Arabia, has embarked on a significant digital transformation by adopting a new order-based system developed in partnership with Amadeus. This initiative represents a departure from traditional booking methods, such as Passenger Name Records (PNRs) and electronic tickets, toward a more dynamic and guest-centric model designed to enhance the overall travel experience while streamlining operational processes. Transforming the Passenger Journey The newly implemented system consolidates all services and purchases related to a passenger’s journey into a single, dynamic "Order," replacing the previously separate records for bookings and tickets. This unified approach provides Saudia with a comprehensive, real-time overview of each traveler’s preferences and transactions, encompassing everything from booking and payment to service delivery. By leveraging Amadeus’ advanced technology, Saudia is now able to offer a more personalized and flexible experience, tailoring services and pricing to meet individual needs at every stage of the journey. Benefits and Customization The order-based system enables Saudia to aggregate traveler information within one platform, facilitating on-demand customization and more responsive service. Passengers gain the ability to select cabins, modify bookings, and personalize their travel experience in real time. This modernization aligns with Saudia’s ambition to reimagine air travel by utilizing real-time data to enhance customer engagement and optimize every interaction throughout the journey. Navigating Integration Challenges Despite the promising improvements in operations and customer service, the transition to the new system presents several challenges. Integrating the Amadeus order platform with Saudia’s existing legacy infrastructure requires meticulous planning to ensure seamless functionality. Additionally, robust cybersecurity measures are critical to safeguarding sensitive passenger data during and after the migration process. Saudia must also address potential resistance from staff accustomed to legacy processes by providing comprehensive training and support to facilitate the organizational change. Market and Industry Impact The aviation industry has responded with a mixture of anticipation and skepticism regarding Saudia’s new system. Some observers question the effectiveness of the platform and the costs involved in its implementation. Nevertheless, Saudia’s move is expected to intensify competition within the Middle Eastern aviation sector, potentially prompting rival airlines to accelerate their own digital transformation efforts. This shift could lead to enhanced service quality and more competitive pricing structures, ultimately benefiting travelers across the region. Strategic Partnership with Amadeus Amadeus has been instrumental in Saudia’s digital transformation, supplying the technology and expertise necessary to bridge legacy systems with the new order-based platform. The Amadeus Nevio platform allows Saudia to convert traditional PNRs into dynamic orders without disrupting ongoing operations. This strategic collaboration exemplifies how partnerships between airlines and technology providers can drive meaningful innovation, positioning Saudia at the forefront of the evolving aviation landscape. As Saudia advances its digital evolution, the airline is set to deliver a more seamless, secure, and personalized travel experience, establishing a new benchmark for the industry and signaling a broader shift toward data-driven, customer-centric air travel.

AI's Transformative Role in Aviation by 2025 The aviation industry is on the cusp of profound change in 2025, driven by the increasing integration of agentic artificial intelligence (AI) and hyper-personalisation into airline operations. Agentic AI—advanced systems capable of independently detecting, analysing, and acting with minimal human input—is anticipated to fundamentally alter workplace dynamics, according to Surain Adyanthaya of airline retailing consultancy PROS. Airlines have already begun deploying AI agents to autonomously manage seat availability in response to fluctuating demand, repackage offers with ancillary services, and promptly rebook passengers or provide compensation during flight disruptions. These innovations are significantly reducing manual workloads and enhancing operational efficiency. Concurrently, the industry is accelerating its focus on personalised customer experiences. AI now analyses individual traveller data, including purchase history, loyalty status, and online behaviour, to craft highly relevant bundles and offers. Dynamic travel itineraries, real-time recommendations, and proactive engagement throughout the passenger journey are rapidly becoming standard practice. Delta Air Lines exemplifies this shift, targeting the management of 20% of its fares through AI by the end of 2025. This initiative aims to tailor pricing strategies to align with each customer’s willingness to pay, underscoring the growing emphasis on hyper-personalisation within the sector. Challenges and Competitive Pressures Despite the promising advancements, the swift adoption of AI introduces significant challenges, particularly in cybersecurity. Recent incidents such as the WestJet cyberattack have exposed vulnerabilities within airline systems and operations, highlighting the critical need for robust data protection and operational resilience. As airlines deepen their reliance on AI, safeguarding sensitive information and ensuring uninterrupted service will become paramount concerns. The competitive landscape is also evolving. While some carriers are spearheading AI integration, others risk falling behind, potentially losing market share. This dynamic is prompting increased investment in AI technologies across the industry as airlines strive to maintain a competitive edge. However, widespread adoption of similar AI capabilities may intensify competition, potentially leading to price reductions and tighter profit margins throughout the sector. Industry leaders emphasize that, despite AI’s transformative potential, human oversight remains indispensable. Striking a balance between automation and human judgment is essential to uphold safety standards and operational effectiveness as the industry navigates this technological transition. As 2025 approaches, the aviation sector faces a pivotal moment—embracing AI-driven innovation while managing emerging risks and competitive challenges. The coming year will test airlines’ capacity to leverage AI’s benefits without compromising security, profitability, or the essential human element of air travel.

Korean Air Showcases New Technologies at World Smart City Expo 2025 **Busan, South Korea – July 16, 2025** – Korean Air is presenting its latest innovations in smart mobility and aviation at the World Smart City Expo 2025 (WSCE), held from July 15 to 17 at Busan BEXCO. Organized by South Korea’s Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport alongside the Ministry of Science and ICT, the expo has established itself as Asia’s premier smart city exhibition since its inception in 2017. Advancing Smart Mobility and Aviation At this year’s event, Korean Air is emphasizing its leadership in future transportation by unveiling cutting-edge developments in three key areas: Advanced Air Mobility (AAM), digital Maintenance, Repair and Overhaul (MRO), and smart drone technology. These innovations form the cornerstone of the airline’s strategy to drive progress and sustainability within the aviation sector. The World Smart City Expo serves as a global stage for next-generation urban and mobility solutions. Building on last year’s attendance of over 39,000 visitors and participation from more than 330 organizations across 70 countries, the 2025 edition aims to exceed these milestones and set new industry standards. Korean Air’s commitment to digital transformation is demonstrated through its adoption of Urban Air Mobility (UAM) and other smart technologies. Among the highlights is an inspection drone equipped with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities, designed to replace traditional boom lifts during aircraft inspections. This innovation enhances both safety and operational efficiency, positioning the drone as a vital asset for broader smart mobility applications. In addition, the airline is introducing a hybrid drone with an extended operational range, capable of supporting land and maritime research, reconnaissance, and delivery missions. These advancements reflect Korean Air’s broader initiative to integrate smart technologies into its operations, thereby improving safety and efficiency. AI-Driven Maintenance and Operational Efficiency A significant feature of Korean Air’s exhibition is its AI-powered chatbot, which aids technicians in diagnosing and resolving maintenance issues with greater speed and accuracy. By leveraging sophisticated algorithms, the chatbot contributes to increased aircraft uptime and reduced operational costs. This AI-driven approach underscores the airline’s focus on smarter, more cost-effective maintenance solutions. Nonetheless, the integration of such advanced technologies presents notable challenges. Korean Air must ensure the seamless incorporation of innovations like wearable robots into existing maintenance workflows, provide comprehensive training for its workforce, and manage the substantial costs associated with deploying these cutting-edge systems. Industry Impact and Market Response Korean Air is also highlighting its progress in Advanced Air Mobility, reinforcing its role in developing operational frameworks for next-generation air transport. These efforts align with a broader vision to transform urban transportation and establish new industry benchmarks. Despite these technological strides, market reactions have been mixed. Some competitors remain skeptical about the feasibility and cost-effectiveness of rapid adoption. In response, rival airlines may either pursue similar innovations or explore alternative strategies to sustain their competitive positions. Future Outlook Korean Air’s participation at WSCE 2025 underscores both the opportunities and complexities inherent in the ongoing transformation of the aviation industry. The airline’s sustained investments in digital and sustainable technologies demonstrate its commitment to shaping the future of air travel, even as it navigates the challenges of technological integration and evolving market dynamics.

Growth in MRO Services in the Baltics and Eastern Europe The Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) sector in the Baltics and Eastern Europe is undergoing significant expansion, driven by increasing air traffic and the strategic development goals of regional airports. Although MRO is inherently a globalized industry, this region is emerging as a notable player due to its above-average aviation growth and competitive labor costs for highly skilled maintenance personnel. Sofia Airport: A Regional MRO Leader A key illustration of this growth is Bulgaria’s Sofia Airport. In late 2024, SOF Connect, the airport’s operator, hosted Aviation-Event 2024 SOF, marking Bulgaria’s first large-scale international aviation conference. The event served as a platform to unveil plans for a new Terminal 3, with a particular emphasis on expanding MRO facilities as a central investment focus. Jesus Caballero, CEO of SOF Connect, highlighted the strategic advantage of airports offering on-site MRO services amid supply chain challenges affecting the airline industry. He noted, “It is difficult to develop such services at airports, but in Sofia we are one of Europe’s MRO leaders.” Currently, Sofia Airport services approximately 500 aircraft annually and employs around 2,000 technicians and engineers through major companies such as Lufthansa Technik and Aero Technic BG. Having secured its MRO credentials through stringent regulatory and certification processes, Sofia is leveraging this expertise to position itself as a regional hub. Caballero emphasized the sector’s economic significance, stating that MRO activities generate about €130 million in annual turnover from five to six companies based at the airport. He expressed confidence that Sofia could become Europe’s largest MRO hub. To realize this ambition, Sofia Airport plans to expand its MRO infrastructure substantially. Airlines increasingly prioritize airports where maintenance can be conducted efficiently to reduce costs and enhance operational reliability. The airport intends to add at least 10 new MRO hangars to the existing 19, while continuing to attract long-haul carriers seeking dependable on-site maintenance services. Lufthansa Technik Sofia, operational since 2008, has grown to become the largest MRO base outside Germany for its parent company. Preslav Milchev, CEO of Lufthansa Technik Sofia, underscored the importance of the region’s well-educated workforce and the ongoing collaboration with Sofia Airport as key drivers of continued growth. Challenges and Competitive Dynamics Despite the promising outlook, the sector faces notable challenges. The surge in engine deliveries and the drive for modernization necessitate substantial investments in upgrading MRO networks and infrastructure. Additionally, the market is responding to increased demands for aviation safety and regulatory compliance, which require advanced communication systems and enhanced pre-flight inspection services. Competitors in the region are adopting strategic measures to strengthen their positions. FL Technics is pursuing the acquisition of a Czech MRO provider, while Lufthansa has invested in AirBaltic to bolster its regional footprint. These developments reflect a broader trend of consolidation through acquisitions and partnerships aimed at expanding market share and improving service capabilities. As Sofia Airport advances with the construction of a new 20-million-passenger terminal—the largest in the Balkans—and adapts its infrastructure to accommodate future growth, the MRO sector in the Baltics and Eastern Europe is set to play a crucial role in shaping the future landscape of European aviation.

FL Technics Expands CAMO Services to Include Airbus A350 and ATR 42/72 FL Technics has announced a significant expansion of its Continuing Airworthiness Management Organisation (CAMO) services, having secured an extension to its Part-CAMO certificate to encompass the Airbus A350 and ATR 42/72 aircraft models. This latest certification broadens the company’s authorised scope to manage a total of 13 aircraft types under its CAMO framework, reinforcing its position as a global maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) provider. Enhanced Airworthiness Management Capabilities The Part-CAMO approval empowers FL Technics to comprehensively oversee all aspects of continuing airworthiness for its customers’ fleets. This includes the management of maintenance programmes, ensuring compliance with mandatory airworthiness directives, and maintaining meticulous maintenance records. The extension followed a series of targeted training initiatives and a successful regulatory audit, underscoring the company’s commitment to meeting stringent industry standards. This development arrives amid a rapidly growing MRO market, projected to reach USD 155 billion by 2034, which is intensifying competition among service providers. FL Technics’ strategic expansion of its CAMO capabilities is likely to prompt competitors to enhance their service offerings or reconsider pricing models to sustain market share. However, the company must also navigate ongoing industry challenges, notably complex supply-chain disruptions that have been highlighted by aerospace leaders as potential impediments to parts availability and service delivery timelines. Strategic Importance and Market Context The inclusion of the Airbus A350 and ATR 42/72 models is particularly noteworthy given the increasing focus on aviation safety and regulatory compliance. The market for aircraft pre-flight inspection services alone is valued at approximately USD 2.5 billion, reflecting the critical role of robust airworthiness management in the aviation sector. FL Technics regards this certification extension as a strategic milestone, especially in relation to its growth ambitions in the Asia-Pacific region. Oleksandr Kulyk, deputy chief executive for engineering at FL Technics, emphasized that the expanded CAMO scope aligns with the company’s broader growth strategy. He noted that the certification is expected to bolster the company’s competitive advantage in the Asia-Pacific market, where several clients have already expressed interest in the enhanced capabilities. As FL Technics continues to strengthen its service portfolio, it aims to solidify its standing as a key player within the evolving and increasingly competitive global MRO landscape, while effectively managing the operational complexities inherent to the aviation industry.

GOAL Finalizes Sale-and-Leaseback Agreement with Porter Airlines for E195-E2 Jets GOAL Aircraft Leasing (GOAL) has successfully completed a sale-and-leaseback agreement with Porter Airlines involving four Embraer E195-E2 aircraft. This transaction represents a significant step in Porter’s ongoing expansion across North America. The aircraft are scheduled for delivery throughout 2025 and will augment Porter’s expanding fleet, supporting the airline’s strategic objectives to extend its network and improve operational efficiency. Strategic Partnership and Financial Structure The deal was executed in collaboration with funds managed by affiliates of Fortress Investment Group, while Ashland Place Finance provided debt financing to both GOAL and Fortress. Additionally, GOAL and Fortress have established a servicing agreement to ensure a coordinated and efficient leasing process for the aircraft. This partnership underscores a comprehensive approach to managing the transaction and supporting Porter’s fleet growth. Finalizing the agreement required GOAL to overcome several challenges, including obtaining necessary regulatory approvals, ensuring compliance with rigorous aviation safety standards, and navigating the financial complexities inherent in sale-and-leaseback arrangements. The successful completion of the deal highlights GOAL’s capability to manage these obstacles while strengthening its position in the competitive aircraft leasing market. Market Implications and Porter Airlines’ Growth The transaction has attracted close attention from investors and industry analysts, who are scrutinizing GOAL’s financial health and strategic direction. This move may encourage competitors to pursue similar sale-and-leaseback deals as airlines and lessors seek to optimize fleet management and financial strategies. Such activity could intensify competition for modern, fuel-efficient regional jets like the E195-E2. Porter Airlines continues to build momentum, having already taken delivery of 46 E195-E2 aircraft from a firm order of 75, with an additional 25 aircraft on option. The E195-E2 plays a central role in Porter’s all-economy product strategy, offering enhanced efficiency and a spacious cabin layout that aligns with the airline’s commitment to providing a high-quality travel experience. Julian Low, Vice President of Corporate Development at Porter Airlines, emphasized the aircraft’s strong operational performance since its introduction in 2023. He noted the E195-E2’s contribution to exceeding financial and efficiency targets and expressed enthusiasm about deepening the partnership with GOAL, while welcoming Fortress and Ashland Place as new strategic collaborators. This latest agreement not only signals confidence in Porter’s business model but also reflects sustained investor interest in next-generation, fuel-efficient regional aircraft. As the aviation industry continues to evolve, such partnerships are expected to play a pivotal role in optimizing operations and supporting future growth.

Vueling Airlines and Commercial Jet Adopt dentCHECK Technology from 8tree Advancing Aircraft Maintenance with Digital Innovation Vueling Airlines, a prominent low-cost carrier within the IAG Group, has recently integrated dentCHECK, a handheld inspection tool developed by 8tree, into its aircraft maintenance operations. This OEM-approved device provides instant and highly accurate dent mapping on aircraft surfaces, facilitating faster and more reliable damage assessments. The adoption of dentCHECK reflects Vueling’s commitment to innovation and the digitalisation of its engineering processes, aiming to enhance operational efficiency and maintenance precision. The implementation of dentCHECK allows Vueling’s maintenance teams to conduct consistent and precise surface inspections, significantly reducing aircraft downtime and enabling more informed maintenance decisions. Its portability and manufacturer approval establish the tool as a leading solution for structural damage evaluation in the aviation sector. Nonetheless, the transition presents challenges, including the need to integrate the technology with existing maintenance systems and potential resistance from pilots and ground crews accustomed to traditional inspection methods. Commercial Jet’s Integration and Industry Implications Commercial Jet, a specialist in aircraft maintenance, modification, and refurbishment (MMR) services, has also adopted dentCHECK technology at its Miami and Dothan facilities. This move reinforces Commercial Jet’s dedication to precision and innovation, streamlining damage inspection workflows and strengthening safety protocols. The integration of dentCHECK supports the company’s pursuit of high standards in aviation servicing and operational excellence. The adoption of dentCHECK by both Vueling Airlines and Commercial Jet aligns with a broader industry trend toward enhanced operational efficiency and technological advancement. Market analysts predict growing interest from other low-cost carriers seeking similar improvements in maintenance reliability and efficiency. In response, competitors may pursue comparable technologies or invest in alternative innovations to maintain their competitive positions. Market Outlook for Aircraft Safety Automation The market for automated aircraft safety inspections is projected to experience substantial growth, with estimates suggesting it will reach USD 2.5 billion by 2034. This expanding market environment encourages aviation companies to embrace advanced digital tools like dentCHECK, signaling a shift toward smarter, technology-driven maintenance strategies. Through their adoption of this technology, Vueling Airlines and Commercial Jet exemplify how forward-looking aviation organizations are leveraging digital innovation to streamline operations, improve accuracy, and uphold rigorous safety and maintenance standards in an increasingly competitive industry.

Airbus Strengthens Production Partnership in China Ahead of Key Summit Airbus has formalized a new cooperation agreement with its Chinese partner, AVIC Xi’an Aircraft Industry Group, to expand the local production of its A321 aircraft in China. Announced just days before a pivotal China-Europe leaders’ summit in Beijing, the agreement will enable Airbus to commence fuselage equipping—the installation of critical systems on the front and rear sections of the aircraft—at its Tianjin facility. This development marks a significant step in Airbus’s ongoing efforts to deepen its localisation strategy within the world’s second-largest aviation market. Expanding Local Production and Strategic Collaboration Building on an existing partnership focused on the A320, the new deal broadens the scope of collaboration to include the A321 model. George Xu, CEO of Airbus China, highlighted the importance of this expansion, describing it as a vital measure to implement Airbus’s localisation strategy continuously. Xu further underscored the resilience and competitiveness of China’s supply chain, calling it “an indispensable part of the global aviation industry.” The first fuselage sections for the A321 arrived at the Tianjin plant earlier this month, with Airbus targeting completion of system installations—including electrical, electronic, drainage, oxygen, flight control, and hydraulic components—by October. The timing of the agreement is particularly significant given the anticipation of a potential “mega-deal” between Airbus and Chinese airlines during the upcoming summit. Industry analysts suggest such an order could be valued in the tens of billions of dollars, reinforcing Airbus’s foothold in the Asian market where demand for single-aisle jets remains strong. Navigating Industry Challenges Amid Intensifying Competition Despite the promising expansion, Airbus faces a complex operating environment marked by ongoing supply chain disruptions and intensifying competition. The company must also adapt to evolving market demands as it seeks to maintain and grow its presence in Asia. The new agreement is expected to bolster investor confidence in Airbus’s growth trajectory within the region. Competitors including Boeing and Embraer are actively responding to these market dynamics. Recent orders from ANA Holdings, spanning Airbus, Boeing, and Embraer aircraft, alongside Riyadh Air’s commitment to acquire up to 50 Airbus A350-1000s, illustrate the fierce competition as airlines worldwide pursue fleet modernization. By deepening its partnership with Chinese manufacturers and expanding local production capabilities, Airbus is strategically positioning itself to capture a larger share of the rapidly growing Asian aviation market, even as it contends with the complexities of global supply chains and competitive pressures.

Airlines Hesitant to Accept Aircraft Deliveries Amid Tariff Uncertainty, Says IATA SINGAPORE, July 16 – Airlines are increasingly reluctant to accept new aircraft deliveries as ongoing tariff uncertainties escalate costs and disrupt established supply chains, International Air Transport Association (IATA) Director-General Willie Walsh stated on Wednesday. Broad Impact of Tariffs on the Aerospace Industry Addressing a media roundtable in Singapore, Walsh highlighted that the repercussions of tariffs extend well beyond major manufacturers such as Boeing and Airbus. He stressed that the entire aerospace industry, along with most airlines worldwide, is affected by these trade tensions. “It’s not just going to be a major Boeing and Airbus issue. It’ll impact all aspects of the aerospace industry and have an impact on most, if not all, airlines as well,” Walsh remarked. The shifting tariff environment is compelling aviation businesses to reevaluate their vendor relationships and diversify supply chains. Airlines and aerospace companies are increasingly seeking alternative suppliers in countries less impacted by new duties. This strategic pivot involves reassessing sources for parts, maintenance, and servicing, as well as reconsidering aircraft procurement based on the country of manufacture. Challenges in the Air Cargo Sector and Industry-Wide Adjustments The air cargo sector is also confronting significant challenges as manufacturers and retailers modify their supply chains in response to tariff pressures. Cargo airlines must navigate altered trade flows, which necessitates adjustments in network planning, capacity deployment, and aircraft acquisition strategies. As trade routes and volumes shift, carriers are compelled to adapt swiftly to sustain operational efficiency and competitiveness. Industry analysts observe that these ongoing adjustments may have enduring consequences for the global aviation market. Procurement strategies and long-term fleet planning could be fundamentally reshaped as airlines and cargo operators grapple with tariff-related uncertainties. The persistent ambiguity surrounding tariffs continues to influence decision-making across the sector, driving stakeholders to seek ways to mitigate risks and manage costs amid a rapidly evolving trade landscape.

Flying Taxi CEO Regains Billionaire Status After Stock Surge Joby Aviation’s Market Revival Four years after a high-profile SPAC debut followed by a significant stock decline, Joby Aviation has experienced a remarkable resurgence, propelling CEO JoeBen Bevirt back into billionaire ranks. Bevirt, 51, currently holds a 12% stake in the electric air-mobility company, now valued at approximately US$1.3 billion according to the Bloomberg Billionaires Index. The value of his holdings has more than doubled since April, driven by a 160% surge in Joby’s stock from its yearly low. Shares rose 10% to US$13.92 in New York trading on Thursday, reflecting renewed investor confidence in Joby’s electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. This momentum followed the company’s successful piloted test flight in Dubai last month and was further bolstered by a recent U.S. executive order establishing a federal pilot program for advanced air mobility technology. Bevirt emphasized the administration’s prioritization of air taxis in a March interview with Bloomberg Television, highlighting strong backing from the Department of Defense. Industry Growth and Competitive Pressures Joby’s revival is part of a broader wave of positive developments within the emerging air mobility sector. The company has announced plans to double production capacity at its primary manufacturing facility, aiming to introduce its quiet, runway-free aircraft—capable of speeds up to 322 km/h—into commercial service. Bevirt has outlined ambitious plans for seven-minute flights connecting lower Manhattan to JFK Airport, with pricing designed to compete with premium ride-hailing services. Despite these advances, Joby faces intensifying competition as major technology firms enter the autonomous mobility market. Tesla recently launched its own self-driving taxi service, triggering an 8% increase in its stock and boosting CEO Elon Musk’s net worth by US$15 billion. Amazon’s Zoox division has also expanded with a new production facility for self-driving taxis, signaling rapid progress and escalating investment in the sector. Additionally, a leading self-driving AI company secured US$600 million in funding, while a US$250 million deal for air taxis further underscores the growing market appetite. Challenges Ahead for Joby Aviation These developments underscore both the opportunities and challenges confronting Joby. While the company’s stock has rebounded sharply, the sector’s rapid evolution may invite increased regulatory scrutiny and intensify competition from well-capitalized rivals. At the time of its 2021 public listing, Joby had yet to deliver a finished product, and its first paying customer remains forthcoming. Nonetheless, recent interest from the defense sector and broader industry optimism have fueled the current rally. JoeBen Bevirt, a mechanical engineering graduate of UC Davis and Stanford, is a seasoned entrepreneur with a track record that includes founding Velocity11, a robotics firm, and Joby, the maker of the GorillaPod camera tripod. As Joby Aviation advances toward commercial operations, the company’s future—and Bevirt’s billionaire status—will hinge on its ability to navigate a rapidly changing landscape shaped by technological innovation and formidable competitors.