Replacing an Engine Quickly

How Does the MD-11 Differ from the DC-10? When McDonnell Douglas introduced the MD-11 in 1990, it was positioned as the natural successor to the DC-10—a modernized and more efficient iteration of the iconic tri-jet that had shaped long-haul air travel since the 1970s. At first glance, the two aircraft share many visual similarities, including three engines, a high T-tail, and a widebody fuselage. However, the MD-11 represents a comprehensive redesign that expanded the capabilities of a three-engine aircraft during a period increasingly dominated by twin-engine jets. Evolution from the DC-10 to the MD-11 The DC-10 first took to the skies in 1970 as McDonnell Douglas’s response to the Boeing 747 and Lockheed L-1011 TriStar. It quickly became a staple for major airlines such as American Airlines, United, KLM, and Finnair, prized for its versatility on long-haul routes. By the late 1980s, advances in twin-engine aircraft efficiency and range prompted McDonnell Douglas to update its tri-jet design rather than develop a new twin-engine model from scratch. The MD-11 emerged as a stretched and re-engineered derivative, designed to carry more passengers and cargo over longer distances while reducing fuel consumption and crew costs. Its fuselage was lengthened by approximately 18 feet (5.5 meters), increasing capacity to up to 410 passengers in high-density configurations or around 285 in a typical three-class layout. The MD-11 also introduced a state-of-the-art avionics suite, featuring a digital “glass” cockpit and computer-assisted flight controls, which replaced the DC-10’s analogue instruments and three-person crew with a more efficient two-pilot operation. Design, Performance, and Market Impact Although the MD-11 retained the fundamental architecture of the DC-10, its aerodynamics were extensively refined. Engineers redesigned the wing trailing edges, incorporated raked wingtips, reduced the size of the tailplane, and implemented advanced flight control systems. The MD-11’s engines were quieter and more fuel-efficient, contributing to lower operating costs and improved environmental performance. A key distinction between the two aircraft lies in their operational focus. The DC-10 was designed for both passenger and cargo use, resulting in a broader production run and widespread adoption. In contrast, the MD-11, with only 200 units built, became increasingly tailored for cargo operations as airlines shifted toward more efficient twin-engine jets for passenger service. Its final orders, placed by FedEx and Lufthansa Cargo in 1998, underscored its niche role in the global cargo market. Market reception of the MD-11 was influenced by its specialized capabilities and timing. While it offered significant advancements over the DC-10, the rapid evolution of cargo aircraft technology and the rise of long-range twinjets limited its appeal in the passenger market. Today, the MD-11 is remembered as the last and most advanced tri-jet ever produced, symbolizing both McDonnell Douglas’s engineering prowess and the close of an era in commercial aviation. Comparative Overview The DC-10 first flew in 1970 and was produced until 1989, with a total of 446 units built. It served primarily as a passenger and cargo aircraft, featuring a fuselage length of 55.5 meters (182 feet 1 inch) and a wingspan of 50.4 meters (165 feet 5 inches). Powered by three GE CF6-50 or Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines, each delivering approximately 51,000 pounds of thrust, the DC-10 required a three-person crew operating an analogue cockpit. It had a maximum range of up to 5,200 nautical miles (9,630 kilometers) and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 263,000 kilograms (580,000 pounds). The MD-11, by comparison, first flew in 1990 and was produced until 2000, with 200 units built. It was designed primarily for long-range passenger service and later cargo operations. The aircraft’s fuselage was extended to 61.6 meters (202 feet 8 inches), with a wingspan of 51.7 meters (169 feet 6 inches). It was equipped with three more powerful engines—GE CF6-80C2 or Pratt & Whitney PW4460/62—each producing around 61,500 pounds of thrust. The MD-11 operated with a two-pilot crew in a digital glass cockpit and featured computer-assisted partial fly-by-wire controls. Its range extended up to 7,000 nautical miles (12,960 kilometers), with an MTOW of 286,000 kilograms (630,500 pounds). Passenger capacity in a three-class configuration was approximately 285. The MD-11 also introduced notable design features such as raked wingtips and advanced flight controls, distinguishing it from the DC-10’s more conventional wing and tailplane design. While the DC-10 earned a reputation for reliability despite early safety challenges, the MD-11 was regarded as technologically advanced but more challenging to handle. Both aircraft have left enduring legacies: the DC-10 as a pioneer of wide-body travel and the MD-11 as the final and most sophisticated tri-jet ever built.

High Lander and Thai Partners Launch Drone Delivery Pilot in Bangkok Thailand has marked a pivotal advancement in its pursuit of a national drone infrastructure through a large-scale drone delivery demonstration held in Bangkok. The event, titled “The New Era of Drone Delivery,” was a collaborative effort organized by Thailand’s National Telecom Public Company Limited (NT), the Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand (CAAT), and High Lander Aviation, a global leader in unmanned traffic management (UTM) systems. Integrated Airspace Management Demonstrated The demonstration showcased the capabilities of coordinated UTM technology to safely facilitate drone operations within complex urban airspace. High Lander’s Vega UTM platform was seamlessly integrated with NT’s cutting-edge 5G network, enabling real-time visibility, flight coordination, and enhanced safety for all participating drones. Operators were able to monitor live telemetry, obtain flight authorizations, and autonomously avoid airspace conflicts. Throughout the event, dozens of successful deliveries were completed, encompassing medical supplies, agricultural products, and consumer goods. Air Chief Marshal Manat Chavanaprayoon, Director General of CAAT, underscored the significance of fostering innovation in unmanned aviation. He stated, “NT’s infrastructure and digital platform for drone-based air transport are crucial elements that will enhance flight capabilities, enable effective air traffic management for drones, and raise the level of national airspace safety.” Collaborative Effort Across Multiple Sectors The Bangkok pilot united government agencies, telecommunications providers, and private enterprises to demonstrate the feasibility of safe and coordinated drone deliveries. Key participants included Skyller Solutions, AMA Marine Public Company Limited, NacDrone by Easy 2018 Company Limited, and Avilon Robotics, each contributing to practical delivery missions across Bangkok and its environs. The deliveries ranged from defibrillators and medical supplies to agricultural goods and food products. International partners also played a vital role in the initiative. Austria-based Dimetor provided cellular signal analysis to ensure stable drone connectivity, while the Czech Republic’s DroneTag supplied Remote ID modules to reinforce secure communication between drones and the Vega system. Prospects and Challenges Ahead The event, attended by over 200 guests including prominent Thai government officials, highlighted the growing momentum behind drone delivery in Thailand. Colonel Sanpachai Huvanandana, President of NT, and Alon Abelson, CEO and founder of High Lander, emphasized the broader implications of the demonstration. Abelson remarked, “It was a great honor to provide airspace management services for this historic showcase of the future of aviation in Thailand with Vega UTM.” Despite the progress, several challenges remain as Thailand moves toward wider adoption of drone deliveries. Regulatory compliance, unpredictable weather conditions, and public acceptance are expected to be critical hurdles for High Lander and its Thai partners. Market observers will likely focus on the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of drone deliveries relative to traditional logistics methods. Concurrently, competitors may respond with technological innovations or new partnerships to enhance their own delivery capabilities. As the global drone delivery market rapidly evolves with substantial investments and pilot programs worldwide, Thailand’s initiative positions the country within a competitive landscape. By leveraging digital infrastructure and coordinated airspace management, Thailand aims to unlock new economic opportunities while enhancing public safety.

FL Technics Expands Kaunas Facility to Meet Rising Demand for CFM56 Engine Maintenance FL Technics Engine Services, a subsidiary of the global maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) provider FL Technics Group, has significantly expanded its engine maintenance facility in Kaunas, Lithuania. The upgrade increases the shop’s capacity from five to eight fully equipped bays, representing a 60% growth in operational capability. This expansion responds to a surge in global demand for maintenance services, particularly for the CFM56 engine family, which remains the most widely used engine type in commercial aviation. Enhanced Capacity and Focus on CFM56 Engines The Kaunas facility is exclusively certified to service CFM56 engines and now supports all three primary generations: the CFM56-3, CFM56-5B, and CFM56-7B. Currently, approximately 70% of the workload is dedicated to the CFM56-7B variant, with the remainder distributed among the other models. Valerij Deveikis, CEO of FL Technics Engine Services, explained that the expansion addresses capacity constraints driven by airlines extending the operational life of existing fleets. This trend is largely due to ongoing challenges with new-generation engines, including technical difficulties and persistent parts shortages. “The market is facing ongoing challenges with new-generation engines—from technical issues to persistent parts shortages. As a result, airlines are extending the life of their existing fleets, and the demand for CFM56 maintenance has significantly increased,” Deveikis stated. “With eight bays, we can take on more complex repairs and remain responsive to urgent AOG situations.” Beyond physical expansion, FL Technics is also investing in human capital by recruiting experienced professionals and fostering young talent from Lithuanian universities and aviation schools. The Kaunas shop, situated within the Free Economic Zone, holds EASA Part-145 certification and offers a comprehensive range of services including quick-turn maintenance, on-wing support, engine repair, teardowns, and module swaps. Navigating Market Dynamics and Competitive Pressures FL Technics’ growth occurs amid evolving market dynamics and intensifying competition within the MRO sector. Leading engine manufacturers are increasingly emphasizing localization in their supply chains, compelling MRO providers to adapt in order to secure reliable access to parts and skilled labor. Competitors such as Safran are investing in new facilities for Leap engine maintenance in Casablanca, while AFI KLM E&M has expanded its Leap engine testing capabilities in Paris and Amsterdam. Meanwhile, some industry players, including FTAI Aviation, are strategically concentrating on legacy engines like the CFM56, postponing entry into new-generation engine maintenance markets to capitalize on sustained demand for older models. This approach aligns with broader market trends, as reflected in the recent expansion of the Engine Assurance Program to include older engine types. Airlines are increasingly seeking cost-effective maintenance solutions for legacy fleets while deferring new aircraft deliveries. In response, MRO providers are investing in capacity, inventory, and workforce development to maintain competitiveness. Despite these challenges, FL Technics remains committed to delivering reliable, efficient, and timely maintenance services. “Our goal remains unchanged—to deliver reliable, efficient, and timely maintenance solutions to every customer,” Deveikis emphasized. FL Technics Group operates 23 subsidiaries across Europe, the Americas, and Indonesia, managing four heavy maintenance hangars and over 80 line maintenance stations worldwide. Its comprehensive MRO portfolio encompasses engine repair, wheels and brakes, aircraft engineering, technical training, design and production, and aerospace logistics.

Taylorcraft Aircraft Emergency Landing Attributed to Carburetor Ice A Taylorcraft BC12-65 aircraft was compelled to execute an emergency landing near Columbia, Tennessee, following a sudden loss of engine power caused by carburetor ice, according to investigators’ findings. Sequence of Events and Pilot Actions The pilot reported conducting a comprehensive preflight inspection, confirming approximately 12 gallons of fuel onboard. The engine functioned normally for about 25 minutes during startup, taxi, and pre-takeoff procedures. Prior to takeoff, the pilot applied carburetor heat, noting the expected drop in engine rpm, and maintained the heat slightly longer than usual. Upon deactivating the carburetor heat, the engine rpm stabilized with no further changes, and the aircraft accelerated smoothly during the initial takeoff roll. However, at an altitude of approximately 25 to 30 feet during the initial climb, the engine abruptly lost about 1,000 rpm. The pilot elected to perform an off-field landing, skillfully maneuvering to avoid a nearby hedgerow before touching down in tall grass. The aircraft sustained substantial damage, while the pilot incurred only minor injuries. Post-Accident Examination and Weather Conditions A post-accident inspection revealed that both the wing and main fuel tanks remained intact and contained clean fuel. The carburetor bowl held a small amount of particulate matter, though the inlet screen was clear. Manual rotation of the propeller confirmed compression and suction across all cylinders, with proper valve operation. Magnetos produced spark to all leads, and spark plugs exhibited normal coloration and wear. The carburetor, which had separated from the engine due to impact forces, retained cockpit controls, with the carburetor heat knob found in the “off” position. No pre-existing mechanical anomalies were identified in the fuel system or engine components. Weather data at the time indicated a temperature of 48°F and a dew point of 35°F. These conditions fall within the “serious icing — cruise power” range on carburetor icing probability charts. The Federal Aviation Administration’s Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (CE-09-35) cautions that carburetor icing can occur even at temperatures above freezing, particularly in environments with high humidity or visible moisture. This phenomenon results from rapid cooling within the carburetor caused by fuel vaporization and the Venturi effect. Carburetor icing typically manifests as a drop in engine rpm or roughness. Investigation Findings and Industry Implications The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the probable cause of the incident was a partial loss of engine power due to carburetor ice, which led to the off-airport landing and significant damage to the aircraft. This event underscores the persistent challenges in aviation safety related to in-flight mechanical issues such as carburetor icing. It may prompt heightened scrutiny of existing safety protocols and potentially influence regulatory measures aimed at preventing similar occurrences. Industry analysts note that such incidents can temporarily affect market confidence, with aviation company stock prices occasionally declining if broader operational risks are perceived. In response, competitors often highlight their own safety initiatives and public relations efforts to reassure customers of their commitment to operational reliability.

Embraer Terminates Development of 70–90 Seat Turboprop Aircraft **Brasilia** – Embraer has officially ended its development program for a next-generation turboprop aircraft designed to seat between 70 and 90 passengers, closing a chapter on years of speculation about the company’s entry into this regional airliner segment. The announcement was made during the company’s third-quarter earnings call, confirming that the project is not on hold but fully cancelled. The proposed turboprop was intended to compete with established manufacturers, particularly ATR, which dominates the regional turboprop market. Although concept renderings had appeared in recent years, Embraer never committed to a formal launch. According to CEO Francisco Gomes Neto, the primary barrier to advancing the program was the absence of sufficiently advanced engine technology capable of meeting the aircraft’s targeted performance and efficiency standards. “The turboprop initiative has been cancelled by us,” Embraer stated, emphasizing that the concept will not proceed. Previously described as being “in the deep freezer,” the project is now definitively terminated. This decision reflects a strategic shift as Embraer refocuses its efforts on other commercial aviation opportunities, though no immediate new product launches are anticipated. The company remains dedicated to investing in future technologies and exploring new aircraft concepts beyond its current E-Jet family, but only when market conditions and technological readiness are favorable. Market Implications and Production Outlook Embraer’s withdrawal from the 70–90 seat turboprop segment reduces competition in a market long dominated by ATR, potentially creating openings for other manufacturers to fill the void. While industry responses remain to be seen, the move signals Embraer’s strategic pivot away from regional turboprops toward strengthening its core commercial and business jet offerings. Alongside this announcement, Embraer reported significant progress in resolving supply-chain disruptions that had previously impeded aircraft assembly. Gomes Neto noted, “The risk for the supply chain in 2025… is over. We have all the parts we need to assemble the aircraft.” The company is on track to meet its 2025 delivery target of 222 to 240 civil aircraft, which includes 145 to 155 business jets and 77 to 85 E-Jets. In the first nine months of 2025, Embraer delivered 148 aircraft—102 business jets and 46 E-Jets—requiring at least 74 additional deliveries in the final quarter to achieve its full-year goal. Third-quarter revenues increased by 18% year-on-year to approximately USD 2 billion, although net profit declined by 29% to USD 129 million. Despite the profit decrease, Embraer maintained its full-year outlook, citing restored production stability and improved supply-chain conditions. Strategic Direction By cancelling the turboprop program, Embraer is reallocating resources to streamline manufacturing processes and reinforce its position in the commercial and business jet markets. The company remains cautious about launching new clean-sheet aircraft designs until the timing and technology are fully aligned but continues to invest in research and development for future aviation concepts. Embraer’s decision marks a clear strategic realignment, narrowing competition in the regional turboprop segment while focusing on its established strengths. With supply-chain challenges largely resolved and production targets within reach, the company is positioning itself to capitalize on future opportunities in commercial aviation.

Joby Advances Power-On Testing of First FAA-Compliant Air Taxi Amid Certification Challenges Progress Toward Certification and Testing Milestones Joby Aviation, Inc. (NYSE: JOBY) has commenced power-on testing of its inaugural electric air taxi designed to meet Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) standards, marking a significant milestone in its pursuit of federal certification and commercial operation. This development represents the integration of Joby’s type design, manufacturing processes, and certification strategy into a single, operational aircraft prepared for Type Inspection Authorization (TIA). Manufactured under Joby’s quality management system and conforming to FAA-approved designs, the aircraft has undergone inspection by Designated Airworthiness Representatives. This testing phase precedes the critical “for credit” flight testing, which constitutes the final stage of the FAA Type Certification process. Joby’s pilots are expected to initiate flight tests later this year, with FAA test pilots scheduled to assume control in 2026. The TIA testing will evaluate the aircraft’s performance, handling, and operational procedures, including maintenance protocols and pilot training. The data collected will be instrumental in the FAA’s decision to grant Type Certification, a mandatory step before commercial passenger operations can commence. Manufacturing Developments and Industry Uncertainty Despite these advancements, Joby faces considerable uncertainty regarding the timeline for FAA certification. Both Joby and competitor Archer Aviation have recently retracted firm launch dates, reflecting broader regulatory and market ambiguities within the emerging urban air mobility sector. Investor sentiment remains cautious as the path to certification continues to evolve. On the manufacturing front, Joby has made strides with the initiation of production for conforming propeller blades at its Dayton, Ohio facility. The first blades meeting all FAA requirements are anticipated next month, with installation on test aircraft planned for 2026. These efforts are critical to meeting the stringent standards imposed by the FAA and advancing toward commercial readiness. Financial Performance and Strategic Initiatives Joby’s financial trajectory has been notable, with its stock appreciating 189% over the past year and the company’s valuation reaching $13.23 billion. Recent capital raises, including a $591 million common stock offering, have strengthened its financial position. However, analyst price targets vary widely—from $6 to $22—highlighting the volatility and uncertainty typical of pre-revenue companies. While Joby maintains robust gross profit margins of 52%, profitability is not expected within the current fiscal year. Strategic partnerships and acquisitions have further propelled Joby’s momentum. The company recently acquired Blade Air Mobility’s passenger business and entered into a defense-grade hybrid eVTOL development agreement with L3Harris Technologies. Additionally, Joby was named the exclusive aviation launch partner for NVIDIA’s new IGX Thor platform, aiming to enhance its autonomous flight technology, Superpilot, for both military and civilian applications. Looking ahead, Joby plans to expand globally, targeting the launch of air taxi services in the United Arab Emirates by 2027 and integrating its offerings into Uber’s app. The company also intends to market its aircraft to other operators and partners, broadening its commercial footprint. Joby is scheduled to release its third-quarter 2025 financial results after market close on Wednesday, November 5. As the company navigates regulatory challenges and competitive pressures, its progress toward FAA certification and commercial deployment remains under close scrutiny by investors and industry observers.

Immfly and China Airlines Expand Digital Partnership to Improve In-Flight Experience in Asia Immfly and China Airlines have announced an expansion of their strategic partnership aimed at accelerating digital transformation within Taiwan’s aviation sector and the broader Asian market. The renewed collaboration, now formalized under a five-year agreement, focuses on enhancing the in-flight passenger experience by deploying Immfly’s advanced wireless in-flight entertainment (W-IFE) systems across a larger portion of China Airlines’ fleet. This expansion includes outfitting more than ten Airbus A330 aircraft, complementing previous installations on Boeing 737-800s. Enhancing Passenger Experience Through Advanced Technology This development represents a significant milestone for both companies. For China Airlines, it underscores a commitment to adapting to evolving passenger expectations by providing seamless, digitally integrated services. For Immfly, the partnership marks a strategic extension of its footprint in Asia, building upon its established operations in Europe and Latin America. The upgraded W-IFE platform enables passengers to access a broad array of entertainment, retail, and digital services directly from their personal devices, eliminating the need for traditional seatback screens. Through an intuitive interface, travelers can enjoy movies, music, shopping, and magazines, all designed to enhance engagement and satisfaction throughout their journey. Navigating Challenges in a Competitive and Regulated Market The expanded partnership highlights both companies’ dedication to innovation and connectivity amid a rapidly evolving industry landscape. However, the initiative faces several challenges, including navigating Asia’s complex regulatory environment, integrating advanced technology across diverse operational systems, and contending with intensified competition. Aviation regulators in the region are expected to increase scrutiny of such digital initiatives, while rival airlines—particularly Chinese carriers—may accelerate their own digital upgrades and pursue new strategic alliances in response. Immfly’s modular technology is engineered to adapt to varying cultural and operational contexts, providing China Airlines with a competitive advantage in a market characterized by rapid technological adoption and growing demand for personalized digital services. Setting New Standards for Modern Air Travel The partnership reflects a keen understanding of shifting passenger behaviors, as modern travelers increasingly expect digital continuity from the airport through to their seat. The enhanced W-IFE system is designed to meet these expectations by allowing passengers to customize their entertainment and shopping preferences, offering a diverse selection of content tailored to a wide range of tastes. As the aviation industry continues to embrace digital transformation, the collaboration between Immfly and China Airlines is poised to set new benchmarks for in-flight convenience and connectivity. While regulatory and competitive challenges remain, the strengthened alliance positions both companies to lead in delivering innovative, passenger-centric experiences across Asia’s dynamic travel landscape.

Restoring the Bristol Hercules Engine: Progress Report Advancements in Brisbane In Brisbane, Queensland, the meticulous restoration of Bristol Hercules engines for Beaufighter projects is progressing steadily. The initiative is led by Peter Brooke, with crucial support from Robert Greinert, whose company, Historical Aircraft Engines, provides a specialized workshop environment tailored to the demands of such intricate work. Since the last update in 2018, significant strides have been made. During a visit in October 2025, several Hercules engines were found disassembled and thoroughly evaluated in preparation for the official restoration program, underscoring the project’s forward momentum. Technical Challenges and Innovative Solutions The restoration of these rare sleeve-valve engines presents considerable technical challenges. A primary obstacle has been the creation of a custom assembly and alignment stand, vital for maintaining the precise alignment of the Hercules’ three-piece crankcase during reassembly. Even slight distortions can prevent the crankshaft and internal components from fitting correctly, jeopardizing the engine’s functionality. To overcome this, Peter Brooke is designing a bespoke jig and stand, while actively seeking original wartime drawings or surviving examples from Bristol or historic service depots. The team has called upon the vintage aviation community to contribute any relevant resources, emphasizing that access to authentic documentation and parts is critical to the project’s success. While the assembly stand is under construction, Peter is diligently cataloging, cleaning, and organizing the extensive inventory of Hercules components. The current objective is to fully restore at least three engines, with the possibility of expanding to five should additional usable parts become available. Several donor engines and major subassemblies have already been secured, providing a solid foundation for the restoration efforts. Balancing Tradition and Modern Techniques Restoring the Bristol Hercules engine demands not only scarce specialized parts but also highly skilled labor to ensure both authenticity and operational reliability. The market for restored Hercules engines is influenced by aviation enthusiasts and collectors, whose valuation fluctuates based on the engines’ historical significance and operational potential. Meanwhile, competitors in the aviation restoration sector may respond by developing modern alternatives that emphasize technological advancements and improved efficiency. During the visit, the workshop was also engaged in restoring World War II Japanese aircraft engines intended for static display. Many of these engines are privately owned, with Peter overseeing their careful reconstruction through a combination of historic techniques and modern methods. The Historical Aircraft Engines facility is exceptionally well-equipped for high-precision work. As Robert Greinert noted, “Our workshop is designed to meet the tight tolerances required for rare radial engines. With Peter’s skill, we can tackle even the most complex rebuilds confidently.” Many engines arrive in poor condition, yet restoration to museum-quality standards remains achievable. For components that are missing or damaged beyond repair, the team employs 3D printing, CNC machining, and traditional pattern-making to recreate parts to original specifications. This integration of old and new techniques ensures that each engine remains faithful to its wartime design. The Hercules restoration at Historical Aircraft Engines represents one of the most ambitious recent efforts to revive these iconic powerplants. Once operational, these engines will once again power the Bristol Beaufighter and other historic aircraft, paying tribute to the engineers and crews who relied on them. The project’s ultimate success will depend on continued collaboration, resourcefulness, and support from the wider aviation community.

Croatia Airlines Attributes Cost Increase to Delayed A220 Deliveries Impact of Delivery Delays on Financial Performance Croatia Airlines has reported a significant rise in operational costs during the summer season, primarily due to delays in the delivery of Airbus A220 aircraft. The national carrier, currently engaged in an extensive fleet renewal program, revealed in its latest financial report that the postponed arrival of new jets has forced it to continue operating older aircraft longer than anticipated. This has resulted in increased leasing and maintenance expenses, placing additional financial strain on the airline. In its nine-month report, Croatia Airlines emphasized that the fleet replacement initiative is fundamental to establishing a sustainable and more efficient business model over the long term. However, the airline noted that updated delivery schedules provided by suppliers, now set for early 2025, have caused further delays. These setbacks have adversely affected the summer season and contributed to a cumulative delay exceeding 62 months for the A220 deliveries. Operational Challenges and Fleet Composition The transition to the A220 fleet has been further complicated by delays in returning De Havilland Dash 8-400 turboprops to their owners, exacerbating the financial pressures. Compounding these difficulties, Airbus has announced a reduction in its A220 production targets for 2026, raising concerns about potential additional delivery delays for Croatia Airlines and other customers. Between January and September, Croatia Airlines recorded a consolidated operating loss of EUR 21.5 million (USD 24.7 million). Despite this, the airline reported a 9% year-on-year increase in EBITDA, which rose to EUR 12.4 million (USD 14.2 million), indicating some operational improvements amid the ongoing fleet transition. Originally, the airline had planned to commence A220-100 operations by the summer 2025 season, but these plans have been postponed due to the delivery delays. To date, Croatia Airlines has taken delivery of seven A220 aircraft—six A220-300s and one A220-100—with the objective of eventually operating a fleet of fifteen, comprising thirteen A220-300s and two A220-100s. According to ch-aviation data, the current fleet includes one A220-100 (with one more pending delivery), six A220-300s (seven additional units expected), four A319-100s, two A320-200s, and four DHC-8-Q400s. The airline anticipates receiving further A220s in 2026. Market Response and Strategic Outlook The market reaction to these developments has been mixed. Some investors have expressed concern over the financial impact of the delays and the increased costs associated with the fleet transition. Conversely, others remain optimistic about the long-term advantages of operating a modernized and more efficient fleet. Meanwhile, competitors may seek to exploit Croatia Airlines’ transitional challenges by accelerating their own fleet upgrades or attempting to capture market share during this period of adjustment. As Croatia Airlines contends with these operational and financial headwinds, the successful integration of the A220 aircraft remains central to its strategy for achieving sustainable growth and enhanced operational efficiency in the coming years.

Raytheon Delivers First PhantomStrike Radar System to South Korea Raytheon has officially delivered its inaugural PhantomStrike radar system to Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) for integration into South Korea’s FA-50 Light Combat Aircraft fleet. This delivery represents a significant advancement in the country’s ongoing efforts to modernize and enhance its air defense capabilities amid a complex regional security landscape. Advanced Radar Technology for Modern Combat The PhantomStrike radar system is distinguished by its air-cooled design and incorporation of high-efficiency Gallium Nitride technology, coupled with sophisticated fire control capabilities. Engineered to meet the stringent power, weight, and size requirements of various platforms—including uncrewed aerial vehicles, light-attack aircraft, fighter jets, and helicopters—the system provides robust detection, tracking, and targeting of long-range threats. Its key attributes include fast and agile digital beam steering, advanced target detection, and strong resistance to electronic jamming. Dan Theisen, president of Advanced Products and Solutions at Raytheon, emphasized the system’s strategic value, stating, “In an increasingly complex and contested battlespace, aircrew need to make informed, split-second decisions to ensure mission success. Delivering the first PhantomStrike system to KAI marks a pivotal step in equipping our customers with the advanced technology needed to maintain a decisive advantage in combat.” The radar offers fire control capabilities on par with those found in modern fighter aircraft, yet weighs only half as much as typical active electronically scanned array (AESA) radars. Approved for export under Direct Commercial Sale regulations, PhantomStrike is manufactured across Raytheon’s facilities in Forest, Mississippi; Tucson, Arizona; and Scotland, with additional support from Raytheon UK. Testing, Integration, and Strategic Implications Raytheon completed a series of flight tests in 2025 using its Multi-Program Testbed aircraft, successfully demonstrating the radar’s air-to-air and air-to-ground performance. A laboratory unit was also delivered in August to facilitate integration testing with the FA-50 platform, underscoring the company’s commitment to seamless operational deployment. As the integration process advances, Raytheon faces several challenges, including ensuring full compatibility with South Korea’s existing defense infrastructure and managing logistical complexities associated with deployment. Furthermore, the introduction of such advanced technology may have diplomatic ramifications, particularly given the sensitivity of regional powers to shifts in military capabilities. The delivery has generated notable market interest, potentially bolstering Raytheon’s stock performance and prompting competitive responses from other defense contractors. South Korean firms may accelerate efforts to enhance their own defense offerings, while global players such as Lockheed Martin and BAE Systems are likely to intensify development of comparable advanced radar and weapons systems. Raytheon, an RTX business, continues to assert its leadership in defense technology innovation. The successful delivery of the PhantomStrike system to South Korea highlights the increasing demand for next-generation military capabilities in a rapidly evolving global security environment.