Boeing and Airbus Compete in the 2025 Widebody Aircraft Market

Civil Aviation Minister Assures Equal Compensation for Medical Students and Air India 171 Crash Victims Union Civil Aviation Minister Ram Mohan Naidu Kinjarapu has affirmed that the families of medical students who lost their lives in the hostel affected by the Air India flight AI 171 tragedy will receive compensation on par with that provided to the families of passengers who perished in the crash. Speaking in the Rajya Sabha, Kinjarapu underscored the government’s dedication to equitable treatment, stating, “Equal compensation will be given to the medical students' families who lost their lives due to being in the hostel, as much as is given to those who had family members aboard AI 171.” Compensation Dispute and Allegations Against Air India This assurance comes amid ongoing disputes between the victims’ families and Air India regarding the compensation process. Several families have accused the airline of employing coercive tactics during negotiations, including pressuring them to disclose details about financial dependencies as a prerequisite for receiving compensation. Air India has categorically denied these allegations, maintaining that it is following due process and not compelling families to provide such information. The situation has been further complicated by claims from a British law firm representing some families, which alleged that the airline engaged in threatening behavior—an accusation that Air India has firmly rejected. Investigation Transparency and Safety Measures Minister Kinjarapu also addressed concerns surrounding the transparency of the crash investigation. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) recently published a preliminary report, but families of the victims have expressed dissatisfaction, describing the findings as vague and demanding greater clarity and accountability. The AAIB has called for patience, emphasizing that a comprehensive understanding will only emerge once the investigation is complete. “The way we are seeing the investigation is through facts. We want to stand by the truth. And that will only be revealed when the investigation is complete,” Kinjarapu remarked. He criticized certain media outlets for speculative reporting and stressed that the probe is being conducted transparently and in accordance with international standards. Notably, he highlighted that this incident marks the first time a black box has been decoded in India, despite the device being damaged in the crash. In addition to addressing the investigation, the minister outlined initiatives to enhance aviation safety oversight. He announced that the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) plans to fill 190 specialized positions by the end of the year, focusing on recruiting experts with niche skills to ensure regulatory compliance and safety. “Many of these posts at the DGCA were created in the last two years. Creation of the post is one matter, recruitment is another. We at the ministry are continuously looking at the situation. UPSC is also involved in the process. These are very niche and subject experts. We are looking for a very specific pool of talent, who will ensure compliance and safety,” Kinjarapu explained, emphasizing the rigor of the recruitment process. As the investigation proceeds and compensation negotiations remain fraught, the families of the victims continue to seek justice and transparency, while the government reiterates its commitment to fairness and due process.

AAIB Analyzes Black Box Data from AI 171 Crash New Delhi — Civil Aviation Minister K. Rammohan Naidu confirmed on Monday that investigators have successfully decoded the black box data from Air India flight AI 171, which tragically crashed in Ahmedabad on June 12. The accident claimed the lives of all 260 passengers and crew on board, including former Gujarat Chief Minister and Rajya Sabha member Vijay Rupani. Speaking during the monsoon session of Parliament, Naidu assured lawmakers and the public of a thorough and impartial investigation conducted in strict accordance with international protocols. He highlighted that, for the first time, India independently decoded the black box data, a process previously outsourced abroad. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) is following a rigorous, rule-based methodology and remains fully unbiased. “While questions may arise and external narratives may circulate, our approach is grounded in facts,” Naidu emphasized. “We are committed to uncovering the truth and determining exactly what happened.” The AAIB has begun detailed analysis of data retrieved from the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) and Flight Data Recorder (FDR). The successful decoding is expected to yield critical insights into the cause of the crash. A preliminary AAIB report indicates that fuel supply to the engines was cut off prior to the aircraft’s descent. However, Air India’s CEO, referencing the bureau’s early assessment, stated that there is no evidence suggesting fuel shortage, mechanical failure, or pilot error contributed to the disaster. The investigation remains ongoing. Coordinated International Effort and Parliamentary Response The investigation is being led by the AAIB with technical assistance from Boeing, General Electric, Air India, and aviation regulators from India, the United Kingdom, and the United States, underscoring a coordinated international effort. According to the Aviation Week Network, the AAIB has urged patience as investigators meticulously analyze complex data, cautioning that definitive conclusions will only be drawn upon completion of the final report. The monsoon session of Parliament opened amid intense debate, with the opposition INDIA bloc raising concerns over the government’s handling of the AI 171 crash alongside broader national security and administrative issues. The Upper House is scheduled to pay tribute to Vijay Rupani and other victims during obituary references on the session’s first day. As the AAIB continues its investigation in collaboration with international authorities, the government has reiterated its commitment to transparency and adherence to global aviation safety standards. The forthcoming final report is expected to provide a comprehensive account of the events leading to the crash and offer recommendations aimed at preventing future tragedies.

Airlines Expand Beyond Tickets to Become Integrated Travel Platforms The airline industry is undergoing a significant transformation as carriers shift their retail strategies toward what is being termed “modern airline retailing.” This emerging model centers on the consumer, leveraging advanced technologies to create a seamless and personalized travel experience. VK Mathews, founder and executive chairman of IBS Software, describes this shift as “the single biggest change that will take place” in how airlines engage with travelers in the near future. The Rise of Modern Airline Retailing IBS Software, a global SaaS provider specializing in airline passenger services, cargo management, loyalty programs, and flight operations, identifies modern airline retailing as a critical growth area. Although the company has a strong international presence, its footprint in India has been relatively limited. With India’s aviation sector experiencing double-digit passenger growth and the rise of financially robust airline groups, IBS Software views the country as a key market for its integrated retailing solutions. Modern airline retailing envisions airlines evolving into comprehensive travel platforms. Beyond selling flight tickets, airlines aim to offer ancillary services such as lounge access, hotel bookings, car rentals, cab services, and curated travel experiences. This approach is akin to the convenience offered by e-commerce giants like Amazon but tailored specifically for travel, integrating all services into a single, user-friendly platform. Technologies including artificial intelligence, New Distribution Capability (NDC), real-time analytics, blockchain, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are central to enabling this transformation. “When it comes to modern airline retailing, there’s a huge shift taking place,” Mathews explained. “Airlines want customers to think of them not just for the seat, but for anything and everything related to travel. The technology and standards are now available to make that happen. Airlines can offer a wide range of services, even those not directly related to travel, and ensure seamless delivery and service levels.” Challenges and Market Dynamics Unlike traditional online travel agencies, which typically facilitate separate bookings with limited operational coordination, modern airline retailing aims to provide end-to-end solutions that adapt in real time to passenger needs. In the coming years, airlines could evolve into fully integrated travel platforms that not only facilitate bookings but also actively manage the entire journey. However, this shift presents several challenges. Airlines expanding into integrated travel services may face regulatory scrutiny, intensified competition from established travel agencies, and the need for substantial technological investment. Market reactions have been mixed, with some consumers and industry stakeholders expressing skepticism about increased complexity and the potential for inconsistent service quality. In response, traditional travel agencies are adapting by incorporating more digital solutions and developing their own platforms to compete directly with airlines. The market landscape remains dynamic. While some airlines have recently lowered profit forecasts due to operational hurdles, others continue to benefit from surging travel demand. This contrast highlights both the opportunities and uncertainties as airlines seek to redefine themselves as holistic travel providers. As the industry evolves, the success of modern airline retailing will depend on how effectively airlines can integrate diverse services, maintain high service standards, and earn consumer trust in an increasingly competitive environment.

Aviation Minister Calls for Restraint Amid Controversy Over AI 171 Crash Investigation Official Response to International Media Speculation New Delhi—Union Aviation Minister Ram Mohan Naidu has urged international media outlets to exercise caution and refrain from speculation regarding the Air India AI 171 crash investigation. Speaking on Sunday, Naidu praised the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) for its unprecedented achievement in decoding the aircraft’s black box data domestically, marking a significant milestone for India’s investigative capabilities. Previously, such data had to be sent abroad for analysis. Naidu emphasized his confidence in the AAIB’s work, stating, “I believe in AAIB. I believe in the work that they are doing. They have done a wonderful job in decoding the whole black box and getting the data out in India itself.” He underscored the government’s commitment to await the final investigation report before drawing any conclusions, urging all parties to maintain patience and objectivity during the ongoing inquiry. Controversies Surrounding Preliminary Findings The government’s call for restraint comes amid growing scrutiny of the AAIB’s preliminary investigation into the crash that occurred on June 12. Criticism has centered on the absence of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) transcript from the initial report, particularly the final moments before the accident. Several Western media outlets published alleged excerpts from the CVR more than 40 hours prior to the AAIB’s official release on July 12. These reports, which have not been formally refuted by the AAIB, implicated the AI 171 captain by selectively quoting exchanges, including a contentious moment when one pilot questioned the other’s decision to cut off the fuel supply to the engines. The investigation faces further challenges as international aviation authorities have expressed doubts about the transparency and comprehensiveness of the probe. Meanwhile, families of the victims have accused Air India of employing intimidating tactics in relation to compensation claims. A UK-based law firm representing some of the bereaved is actively seeking clarity on two major unresolved issues connected to the crash. Implications for Air India and the Aviation Sector Market analysts warn that the controversy surrounding the investigation could adversely affect Air India’s reputation and stock market performance, as public confidence in the airline’s safety protocols wavers. Competitors within the aviation industry may attempt to leverage the situation by emphasizing their own safety records and customer service standards. Minister Naidu reiterated the significance of the AAIB’s domestic black box decoding achievement and cautioned against premature judgments. “This is the first time that AAIB has successfully decoded everything here in India. The preliminary report has also been seen, but we must not come to conclusions before the final report is out,” he said. Investigators continue to analyze the AI 171 flight recorder data, with the final report expected to address outstanding questions and concerns raised by both domestic and international stakeholders.

South Korean Plane Crash Killed 179 After Pilots Shut Down Wrong Engine Fatal Error Following Bird Strike Investigators have determined that the catastrophic crash of a South Korean passenger jet, which claimed 179 lives, was precipitated by a critical error made by the flight crew. On December 29, the aircraft, carrying 181 people, encountered a flock of birds while approaching Muan International Airport. The bird strike severely damaged one engine, but the pilots mistakenly shut down the functioning engine instead of the compromised one. This error left the plane without adequate power during its emergency landing attempt, ultimately causing it to skid off the runway and collide with a concrete barrier, resulting in a fiery explosion. Preliminary findings indicate that the right engine sustained severe damage from the bird strike, yet the pilots deactivated the left engine, which remained operational. An official briefing to South Korea’s MBN TV emphasized this misjudgment, noting that the pilot should have shut down the right engine to maintain control. The loss of thrust from the wrong engine critically undermined the aircraft’s ability to land safely. Deviation from Standard Procedures Further investigation revealed that the pilots did not adhere to established protocols following the bird strike. Instead of proceeding with a standard landing, the crew executed unorthodox maneuvers, including climbing and attempting a rushed landing in the opposite direction on the same runway. The aircraft ultimately touched down on its belly, veered off the runway, and was halted by a concrete slab before erupting into flames. The release of the interim investigation report was met with significant opposition from the victims’ families. During a scheduled news conference, grieving relatives disrupted proceedings, expressing frustration over what they perceived as premature attribution of blame to the pilots. Officials subsequently withdrew copies of the report from journalists, citing that it had not been officially released. Kim Yu-jin, leader of the victims’ relatives group, criticized the investigation’s lack of transparency, stating that conclusions should be supported by comprehensive documentation to convince bereaved families of their inevitability, rather than being presented as isolated findings. Broader Implications and Industry Response The controversy surrounding the report has prompted South Korean authorities to intensify safety measures. In response to the crash, regulators are preparing to mandate inspections of fuel switches on all Boeing aircraft operated by domestic airlines, addressing concerns about pilot confusion during emergency situations. This move follows similar findings in a recent Air India crash, where investigators concluded that a senior pilot’s inadvertent shutdown of fuel flow contributed to the disaster. Despite these incidents and the heightened scrutiny of cockpit procedures and aircraft systems, Boeing’s stock has remained stable, with analysts maintaining optimistic price targets. The ongoing investigations into both the South Korean and Air India crashes have underscored the urgent need for improved pilot training and system design enhancements to prevent future tragedies.

US Airlines Grapple with Operational Disruptions Amid Pratt & Whitney Engine Groundings Pratt & Whitney’s recall of its PW1000G geared turbofan (GTF) engines, triggered by a manufacturing defect in high-pressure turbine and compressor components, has resulted in widespread aircraft groundings across the United States. These engines power several prominent aircraft models, including the Airbus A320neo family, A220, and Embraer E-Jet E2. As a consequence, US airlines are facing significant operational disruptions, increased maintenance expenses, and potential delays in flight schedules. Data from ch-aviation indicates that 64 out of 664 US-based aircraft equipped with PW1000-series engines are currently either stored or undergoing maintenance. Although the precise reasons for storage are not specified, it is widely believed that many of these aircraft have been sidelined due to the ongoing GTF recall and the associated engine maintenance requirements. Spirit Airlines Faces the Greatest Impact Among the seven US airlines and one private operator affected, Spirit Airlines has been hit hardest. Of its Airbus A320neo fleet, 39 aircraft remain grounded, leaving only 52 in active service. The low-cost carrier has publicly voiced its frustration over the situation, which has compelled it to adjust operations and absorb additional financial burdens. To mitigate the impact, Spirit recently extended its agreement with Pratt & Whitney, securing an additional $150 million to $195 million in liquidity for 2025, matching the support it received in 2024. The airline anticipates that challenges related to the GTF engines, including accelerated removals and inspections, will continue through 2026. Broader Industry Impact and Operational Challenges Other major US carriers are also contending with the repercussions of the engine groundings. JetBlue Airways currently has five Airbus A321neos and four Airbus A220-300s in storage, while Delta Air Lines has grounded four A321neos and four A220-300s. Additional airlines with GTF-powered aircraft listed as stored or under maintenance include Frontier Airlines, United Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, and Breeze Airways. The current tally of grounded US GTF-powered aircraft includes 39 Airbus A320neos from Spirit Airlines, five A321neos and four A220-300s from JetBlue Airways, four A321neos and four A220-300s from Delta Air Lines, four A321neos from Frontier Airlines, one A321neo from Hawaiian Airlines, one A220-300 from Breeze Airways, and one A321neo from United Airlines. FlightGlobal reports that although the total number of grounded commercial aircraft due to the PW1000-series recall has slightly declined in recent months, the proportion of affected jets remains steady at approximately 30% of the fleet. The ongoing engine groundings are compelling airlines to redeploy aircraft, revise flight schedules, and in some cases, seek alternative engines, thereby increasing operational complexity and costs. These disruptions may prompt fare adjustments and influence customer demand, as travelers prioritize reliability. Competitors may seize the opportunity to attract passengers from affected carriers, intensifying market competition. As the industry navigates these challenges, airlines continue to monitor developments closely and adapt their strategies to maintain service reliability and financial stability. Observers and stakeholders are advised to consult authoritative sources and official airline communications for the latest updates.

United Airlines’ Airbus A321XLR Delivery Postponed to Summer 2026 United Airlines has announced a further delay in the delivery of its first Airbus A321XLR aircraft, now expected to arrive in the summer of 2026. This postponement, confirmed during the airline’s June 17, 2025 earnings call, pushes back the original delivery timeline by at least six months from the previously anticipated January 2026. The airline has placed an order for 50 A321XLRs, intended to replace its aging Boeing 757-200 fleet and to support expanded transatlantic operations from key hubs including Newark and Washington, DC. During the earnings call, Executive Vice President and CFO Michael Leskinen confirmed that no A321XLR deliveries would occur in 2025. Chief Commercial Officer Andrew Nocella further clarified that the first aircraft are now expected to arrive sometime in the summer of 2026, though no specific month was provided. United did not elaborate on the precise causes of the delay, but industry analysts attribute the setbacks to ongoing supply chain disruptions and regulatory challenges. Regulatory and Production Challenges The Airbus A321XLR program has encountered multiple obstacles, primarily related to regulatory scrutiny. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) raised concerns over fire safety in the aircraft’s rear center fuel tank, necessitating design modifications that have delayed certification and production schedules. These issues have affected not only United but also other U.S. carriers awaiting A321XLR deliveries, reflecting broader industry-wide complications. Operational and Market Implications for United The delay presents significant operational challenges for United Airlines, which had planned to leverage the A321XLR’s extended range and improved fuel efficiency to meet growing travel demand and expand its route network. With deliveries deferred, the airline may be compelled to extend the service life of older aircraft, potentially increasing maintenance costs and limiting its ability to introduce new routes or enhance service offerings. The postponement has also contributed to a modest decline in United’s stock price, as the airline revised downward its profit forecast for 2025 despite strong travel demand. Competitors may seek to exploit United’s setback. International carriers such as Turkish Airlines could respond by enhancing their transatlantic services or offering more competitive pricing to attract passengers affected by United’s delayed fleet expansion. Status of A321XLR Deliveries Among U.S. Airlines United is not alone in facing delays with the A321XLR. American Airlines, which also ordered 50 of the aircraft in 2019, saw its first A321XLR complete a maiden flight in Hamburg in March 2025 but has yet to take delivery. JetBlue Airways, with 13 A321XLRs on order, anticipates its first delivery in autumn 2025, although this timeline remains uncertain. Frontier Airlines, which had planned to convert 18 A320neo orders to A321XLRs, canceled its commitment in 2024, reflecting broader industry caution amid ongoing delivery challenges. The persistent delays in A321XLR deliveries highlight the wider difficulties confronting the aviation sector, as airlines contend with supply chain disruptions, regulatory hurdles, and the necessity of maintaining older fleets longer than initially planned.

Rising Air Travel Demand Drives Aviation Leasing Market Growth to $408 Billion by 2034 The global aviation leasing market is projected to experience significant growth over the next decade, with its value expected to reach $408.24 billion by 2034, up from $244.69 billion in 2024. This expansion, representing a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.25% from 2025 to 2034, is primarily driven by increasing air travel demand, ongoing fleet modernization efforts, and airlines’ growing preference for asset-light business models. Drivers of Market Expansion The resurgence in global passenger traffic following the pandemic, combined with rising disposable incomes, is fueling robust demand for air travel across both emerging and developed markets. Airlines are increasingly favoring operating leases over outright aircraft purchases, a strategic shift that reduces capital expenditure and enhances financial flexibility. This trend is complemented by the imperative to modernize fleets in response to stringent emission regulations and the need to lower operating costs, prompting airlines to lease newer, more fuel-efficient aircraft. The expansion of low-cost carriers (LCCs) further bolsters the leasing market, as these airlines rely heavily on leased aircraft to manage capacity flexibly and meet growing consumer demand for affordable travel. Additionally, favorable regulatory environments in key leasing hubs such as Ireland, Singapore, and Hong Kong continue to attract market participants by offering supportive tax and legal frameworks. Market Segmentation and Regional Dynamics Dry leasing, where only the aircraft is provided, dominates the market with a 72.6% share in 2024. Wet leasing, which includes aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance, typically serves short-term or seasonal requirements. In terms of aircraft types, narrow-body aircraft lead demand due to their popularity among LCCs and regional airlines, while wide-body aircraft cater to long-haul international routes. Regional jets are also gaining traction for short-haul and point-to-point connectivity. Operating lessors hold the majority share of the market, offering flexible lease structures and comprehensive fleet management services. Financial lessors, including banks and other institutions, provide asset-backed financing solutions that support the sector’s growth. Regionally, North America commands the largest market share at 38.3% in 2024, driven by major airlines, advanced infrastructure, and a strong focus on fleet renewal. Europe remains a critical hub, with Ireland benefiting from tax incentives and favorable legal frameworks that support leasing activities. The Asia-Pacific region is the fastest-growing market, propelled by rapid LCC expansion, enhanced air connectivity, and a growing middle class in countries such as China, India, and those in Southeast Asia. Meanwhile, South America and the Middle East & Africa are gradually adopting leasing models as regional airlines expand their fleets. Industry Trends and Challenges The aviation leasing sector is moderately consolidated, with leading global lessors and financial institutions offering tailored solutions to meet diverse airline needs. Companies are increasingly focusing on fleet diversification, sustainable financing, and strategic partnerships to capture market share. Investments in new-generation, fuel-efficient aircraft align with broader sustainability goals within the industry. Rising demand is also driving increased investment in airport infrastructure and ground services aimed at improving operational efficiency and passenger experience. Private jet operators, including NetJets, Flexjet, and VistaJet, are capitalizing on the positive market outlook by exploring growth opportunities in business aviation. However, the sector faces potential challenges. The Association of Asia Pacific Airlines has identified geopolitical volatility as a risk that could adversely affect travel demand. Additionally, ongoing delivery delays from major manufacturers Boeing and Airbus are compelling airlines to retain older aircraft longer, thereby increasing demand for aftermarket maintenance services. This trend is reflected in GE Aerospace’s upward revision of its 2025 profit forecast. Outlook Despite these challenges, the aviation leasing market is well-positioned for sustained growth, supported by strong passenger demand, evolving airline strategies, and continued investments in fleet and infrastructure modernization.

Engine Fire Forces Emergency Return of Delta Flight Shortly After Takeoff A Delta Air Lines flight en route to Atlanta was compelled to make an emergency return to Los Angeles International Airport on July 18 after one of its engines caught fire shortly after takeoff. The aircraft involved, a Boeing 767 operating as Flight DL446, experienced the in-flight engine fire over the Pacific Ocean, raising renewed concerns about aircraft safety and operational protocols. In-Flight Emergency and Immediate Response Dramatic video footage circulating on social media captured flames erupting from the plane’s left engine, eliciting audible reactions from bystanders as the camera focused on the burning engine. The fire occurred soon after departure, prompting the flight crew to declare an emergency with Air Traffic Control (ATC). ATC promptly cleared a return route and alerted emergency services on the ground to prepare for the aircraft’s arrival. Flight tracking data from Flightradar24 indicates that the Boeing 767 initially climbed over the ocean before executing a U-turn and circling back over the Downey and Paramount areas. Throughout the emergency maneuver, the aircraft maintained controlled altitude and speed. Emergency crews were on standby as the plane landed safely, and the fire was extinguished upon arrival. All passengers and crew disembarked unharmed, with no injuries reported. The aircraft, a relatively new 2.6-year-old Boeing 767 powered by two General Electric CF6 engines, was towed for a detailed inspection following the incident. Delta Air Lines has launched a comprehensive investigation into the cause of the engine fire in coordination with aviation authorities. The airline emphasized that passenger safety remains its highest priority, and the event has prompted a review of maintenance protocols and operational procedures. Operational Impact and Industry Repercussions The emergency landing disrupted Delta’s flight schedule, underscoring the operational challenges airlines face when responding to in-flight emergencies. Aviation regulators are expected to conduct a thorough examination of the circumstances surrounding the engine fire and assess Delta’s response to the incident. Industry observers and competitors are closely monitoring developments, with some reportedly considering adjustments to their own maintenance and safety checks on similar aircraft models. The incident highlights the critical importance of stringent safety standards and transparent investigations in preserving public confidence in commercial aviation. Public Reaction and Ongoing Scrutiny The event has ignited widespread debate on social media, with many users questioning Boeing’s reliability and safety standards. Criticism has been directed at the manufacturer’s leadership and quality control processes, alongside sarcastic commentary on the frequency of such incidents. Calls for greater accountability at the executive level have been voiced, as well as broader concerns regarding the safety of modern aircraft. As investigations proceed, both Delta and Boeing face increasing pressure to address public concerns and reaffirm their commitment to passenger safety. While all aboard Flight DL446 remain safe, the incident serves as a stark reminder of the ongoing challenges and responsibilities confronting the aviation industry.

Investigation into Air India Flight AI-171 Focuses on Tail Section Amid Electrical Malfunction Concerns Authorities investigating the crash of Air India Flight AI-171 on June 12 have concentrated their efforts on the aircraft’s tail section, which is believed to hold vital evidence regarding the incident that occurred just 26 seconds after takeoff from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport. Preliminary findings indicate a possible power failure in the main electrical system shortly after liftoff, prompting questions about the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner’s electrical and fuel systems. Tail Section Under Detailed Examination Officials involved in the investigation report that the empennage, or tail assembly, exhibited signs of a contained electrical fire. Unlike the rest of the aircraft, which was extensively damaged by the post-crash explosion, the tail separated during impact and remained relatively intact. Components recovered from this section have been secured in Ahmedabad for thorough analysis. Investigators are exploring whether an electrical malfunction in the tail occurred during takeoff, potentially triggering a cascade of system failures. The tail houses several critical systems, including the Auxiliary Power Unit (APU), transducers, and rudders. The APU was recovered largely intact, and its function is under close review, particularly since it may have automatically activated during takeoff to augment thrust—a standard procedure in hot weather conditions. Notably, the technical log from the previous flight recorded a Pilot Defect Report concerning a fault with the Stabilizer Position Transducer, another component located in the tail. Although engineers had cleared this issue before departure, investigators are now considering whether a recurrence could have caused an electrical cascade, possibly misleading the Engine Control Unit (ECU) into cutting off the fuel supply. Black Box Damage and Data Recovery The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) recovered the rear Enhanced Airborne Flight Recorder (EAFR), commonly known as the black box, from the rooftop of a nearby building. However, it sustained extensive thermal damage, rendering conventional data retrieval impossible. The forward black box, found days later amid the debris, provided valuable flight data from six flights, including AI-171, as well as a two-hour cockpit audio recording. While both recorders are designed to withstand extreme conditions, the rear black box depends on the main aircraft power supply, raising concerns that it may have been compromised by an electrical fault prior to the crash. Fuel System and FADEC Under Scrutiny The investigation has also focused on the aircraft’s fuel systems and cockpit controls. Data extracted from the black box indicates that both engines were deprived of fuel seconds after takeoff. Investigators are examining whether a sequence of electrical faults led the Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC) system to erroneously shut off the fuel supply, resulting in catastrophic engine failure. The positioning and operation of fuel switches in the cockpit are being closely reviewed, although the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and Boeing have affirmed the safety of the fuel switch locks. Broader Safety and Regulatory Implications The crash has sparked broader discussions regarding aviation safety and the reliability of aircraft systems. The European Union Aviation Safety Agency is currently investigating Air India Express for failing to comply with a directive to replace certain engine parts and for allegedly falsifying maintenance records. These developments have intensified scrutiny of both airline operational procedures and manufacturer safeguards. As the investigation progresses, officials stress that unraveling the sequence of electrical and mechanical failures in the tail section will be crucial to determining the root cause of the AI-171 tragedy.