Boeing's Orders and Deliveries Forecast for 2025

Bjorn's Corner: Preparing Aircraft for Entry Into Service As the aviation industry strives to accelerate the development of large airliners, manufacturers are actively seeking methods to shorten the timeline from initial concept through certification and production. This analysis focuses on the critical phase of preparing a new aircraft for entry into service (EIS), a pivotal milestone that demands thorough planning to ensure seamless operational deployment and to secure future business prospects. Strategic Foundations for Entry Into Service The delivery of the first aircraft to an airline customer marks a significant transition from manufacturing to operational use. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) must carefully orchestrate this phase, which typically begins 12 to 18 months prior to delivery. Early strategic decisions made during the conceptual design phase play a crucial role in shaping customer support frameworks. For startup OEMs in particular, choices regarding pilot training—whether conducted internally or outsourced—along with the development and certification of simulators, directly influence the program’s viability. Beyond training, OEMs must establish comprehensive support infrastructures, including spare parts inventories, logistics networks, technical documentation, ground support equipment, and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) capabilities. A well-articulated customer support plan is indispensable when presenting the aircraft to potential buyers, as it demonstrates readiness to support operational demands from the outset. Navigating Market Volatility and Operational Challenges The EIS process unfolds against a backdrop of considerable market uncertainty. Economic and political instability in regions such as Latin America and the Caribbean complicate demand forecasting and airline operations. Extended delivery lead times further challenge airlines’ ability to anticipate market shifts and maintain profitability. The industry is increasingly sensitive to policy fluctuations; sudden changes in tariffs, interest rates, or economic indicators can introduce volatility that affects both manufacturers and operators. Supply chain disruptions remain a persistent risk, with issues such as temporary fuel shortages or tariffs on essential materials threatening both production schedules and the operational readiness of new aircraft. These factors underscore the importance of robust collaboration between OEMs and airline customers to mitigate risks and ensure preparedness. Ensuring Operational Readiness Through Collaboration Preparing the customer for EIS involves more than delivering the aircraft; it requires integrating the OEM’s support team and key suppliers with the airline’s operational framework. This integration clarifies roles and responsibilities, fostering effective working relationships essential for addressing any gaps in readiness. A primary focus is ensuring the airline comprehends the maintenance plan and the recommended spare parts inventory. This understanding enables airlines to allocate appropriate personnel and tools across relevant locations, ensuring that necessary components are available when and where they are needed. By anticipating potential disruptions and establishing resilient support systems early, OEMs enhance the likelihood of a successful entry into service, even amid an increasingly unpredictable global environment.

MSC Air Cargo Expands Long-Haul Fleet with Second Italian-Registered 777F MSC Air Cargo has strengthened its long-haul operations with the addition of a second Italian-registered Boeing 777-200 Freighter. The new aircraft, designated I-MSCB Bellatrix, was delivered at Boeing’s Everett Delivery Centre in Washington. This acquisition enhances MSC’s capacity to serve critical intercontinental trade corridors, particularly between Asia and Europe, where demand for long-haul air freight is experiencing a notable recovery. Strategic Growth and Network Integration This latest delivery represents MSC Air Cargo’s continued expansion under its European air operator certificate, marking the second widebody freighter registered in Italy. The move aligns with the company’s broader strategy to deepen its aviation footprint within Europe and to more closely integrate air cargo services into MSC’s extensive logistics network, which encompasses sea, road, and rail transport. While specific route deployments have yet to be disclosed, MSC has indicated that these will be announced progressively, reflecting a flexible approach to evolving market dynamics. Anders Matikka, Vice President of MSC Air Cargo, emphasized the operational benefits of the expansion, stating that it enhances both capacity and flexibility. He highlighted the company’s commitment to delivering tailored, customer-focused solutions that respond to the shifting demands of global trade. Industry Context and Regulatory Challenges Boeing underscored the significance of the delivery in supporting MSC Air Cargo’s long-term fleet strategy and operational efficiency across its global network. Ricardo Cavero, Vice President of Boeing Commercial Sales & Marketing Europe & Israel, noted that the 777 Freighter remains the most fuel-efficient aircraft in its class, facilitating connections between MSC’s global gateways and key international markets. However, the expansion occurs amid growing uncertainty surrounding the future of the 777F model. New fuel-efficiency regulations set to take effect in 2028 pose regulatory challenges for the aircraft. Boeing has petitioned the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for exemptions to continue selling the 777F, citing delays in the availability of its next-generation successor, the 777-8F, which is not expected before the 2027 deadline. Market responses have been mixed; while investor confidence in Boeing’s ability to meet demand persists, some competitors, including Kenya Airways, are exploring interim solutions such as the Boeing 767 freighter until newer models become available. This situation highlights the sustained demand for large widebody freighters in the global air cargo sector. Commitment to Sustainability and Specialized Services MSC Air Cargo maintains that the 777F supports its environmental, social, and governance (ESG) objectives by offering reduced emissions per tonne of cargo compared to older freighter models. The aircraft also enables the expansion of specialized air cargo services, including Shipped Fresh, Shipped Pharma, and Shipped Special. These products cater to industries such as automotive, high technology, perishables, aerospace, and other sectors requiring time-sensitive logistics solutions. Since its inception three years ago, MSC Air Cargo has grown from operating a single aircraft to developing a steadily expanding fleet and network, with a strong operational base in Europe. The delivery of the second Italian-registered 777F underscores the company’s ongoing commitment to scaling air cargo capacity in alignment with global trade demands and integrated logistics strategies.

How the Airbus A350-1000 Compares to the Boeing 747 in Size The Airbus A350-1000 represents the largest aircraft currently produced by Airbus and is the most expansive variant within the A350 XWB family. Although the A350 and its competitor, the Boeing 787, are often characterized as smaller, more economical widebodies, this perception does not fully capture their true scale. Both aircraft are substantial in size, particularly when contrasted with earlier generations of widebody jets. For many decades, the Boeing 747 served as the flagship of long-haul international air travel. This iconic double-decker aircraft, produced over a 55-year span with more than 1,500 units sold, became a cornerstone for major airlines worldwide. The emergence of more fuel-efficient twin-engine jets such as the A350 and 787 has prompted the gradual phase-out of the 747 from passenger service. However, the assumption that these newer models are "small" is misleading, especially in the case of the A350-1000. Comparing Variants: Boeing 747 vs. Airbus A350-1000 The Boeing 747 family encompasses several variants, each varying in size and capability. The latest and largest model, the 747-8, features a lengthened fuselage, redesigned wings, new engines, and an extended upper deck. It measures 250 feet 2 inches (76.25 meters) in length and has a wingspan of 224 feet 7 inches (68.5 meters), surpassing the A350-1000 in both overall dimensions and maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of 447.7 tons. Earlier 747 models, including the 747-100, -200, -300, and -400, share a fuselage length of 231 feet 10 inches (70.7 meters). The 747-400 introduced winglets, increasing its wingspan beyond the 195 feet 8 inches (59.6 meters) of its predecessors. The 747SP, a shortened variant developed in the 1970s, is notably smaller; its 47-foot (14-meter) reduction in length brings it closer in size to the Boeing 787-8 and significantly smaller than the A350-1000. In comparison, the Airbus A350-1000 measures 242 feet (73.78 meters) in length with a wingspan of 212 feet 5 inches (64.75 meters). This makes it longer than most 747 variants except the 747-8, although the latter remains superior in overall size and capacity. Market Dynamics and Operational Considerations Despite the A350-1000’s physical size advantage over many 747 variants, it faces challenges in matching the 747’s entrenched market presence and operational versatility. The 747’s legacy is underpinned by its proven reliability and the extensive global support infrastructure developed over decades. This enduring reputation continues to influence airline preferences, particularly for long-haul routes. Nevertheless, market trends are evolving. Airlines such as Air India and Philippine Airlines have recently taken delivery of their first A350-1000 aircraft, signaling a shift toward newer, more efficient widebodies. China Airlines has also expanded its A350-1000 order, reflecting growing interest in the Airbus model. Despite these developments, the 747’s established advantages remain a significant consideration in airline fleet decisions and industry responses. While the Airbus A350-1000 stands among the largest and most advanced twin-engine jets available, its competition with the Boeing 747 is shaped not only by size but also by legacy, operational experience, and shifting airline strategies.

Airbus Outpaces Boeing as Aircraft Order Backlog Falls to 12 Years in 2025 In 2025, Airbus solidified its position ahead of Boeing by delivering 793 aircraft, nearly one-third more than Boeing’s 600 units. Throughout most of the year, Airbus had projected delivering 820 aircraft but revised this target downward to 790 in early December. Despite the adjustment, the European manufacturer surpassed its lowered goal, marking the seventh consecutive year it has outperformed its American rival in deliveries. Boeing’s Resurgence Amidst Delivery Deficit Although Boeing lagged behind in deliveries, the company demonstrated a notable recovery in 2025 by leading in net orders after cancellations. Boeing secured 1,075 net orders compared to Airbus’s 889. In December alone, Airbus recorded 201 firm orders, while Boeing closely followed with 165. This strong order intake contributed to a positive market response, with Boeing’s stock reaching a buy point and analysts upgrading their outlook to a buy rating. These developments indicate a potential shift in the competitive landscape, as Boeing gains momentum following several challenging years. Market Position and Backlog Dynamics Airbus continues to maintain a larger installed fleet, which is now 16% greater than Boeing’s, alongside an order backlog that is 35% higher. Despite these disparities, the backlog for both manufacturers remains substantial. At current delivery rates, it would take nearly 14 years for the global aerospace industry to clear the existing accumulation of outstanding passenger aircraft orders. The data highlights the intense rivalry between Airbus and Boeing. While Airbus retains dominance in deliveries and backlog size, Boeing’s resurgence in net orders and improving market sentiment suggest a more competitive environment ahead. The evolving dynamics between these two aerospace giants will continue to influence the global passenger aircraft market as both strive to overcome ongoing supply chain challenges and meet sustained demand.

Addressing Supply Constraints Amid Rising Demand The aviation industry has experienced a more rapid and structural rebound in demand than many experts had anticipated. However, the sector’s capacity to respond effectively is hindered by persistent bottlenecks in aircraft availability and infrastructure. At the recent CAPA Airline Leader Summit – World, senior representatives from airports, regulatory bodies, air navigation service providers, airlines, financial institutions, and advanced air mobility sectors gathered to explore solutions to these imbalances before inefficiencies become entrenched in the forthcoming growth cycle. Challenges in Aircraft Supply and Infrastructure The summit discussions revealed a complex array of challenges affecting the industry. Delays in original equipment manufacturer (OEM) deliveries, shortages in maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) capacity, uneven investment in airport infrastructure, and fragile air traffic management systems all contribute to the current constraints. Aircraft supply remains restricted due to ongoing supply chain disruptions, concerns over engine durability, and production discipline issues at major manufacturers. These factors collectively prevent airlines from fully leveraging the robust passenger demand that has emerged. These aviation-specific supply constraints reflect broader challenges observed in other sectors. For instance, the semiconductor industry is grappling with a severe shortage of memory chips. Micron’s CEO has warned that RAM supply constraints, driven by surging demand from AI data centers, are likely to persist beyond 2026. In response, Micron has prioritized larger customers and suspended its consumer brand, Crucial, as high memory prices and production delays ripple through the market. Device manufacturers such as Apple and Dell are already experiencing escalating costs as they contend with capacity expansion challenges amid what IDC has described as a crisis. Similarly, the copper market is preparing for a structural deficit beginning in 2026, as demand from electrification efforts outpaces new production. BloombergNEF forecasts a persistent copper shortfall through 2050, with volatility expected to intensify due to supply strains, tariff risks, and long-term deficits. These developments highlight how unaddressed supply constraints can have extensive repercussions across multiple industries. Regional Divergences and the Path Forward Within aviation, infrastructure and regulatory challenges vary significantly by region. Markets in the Middle East, India, and parts of Southeast Asia are experiencing aggressive expansion, while mature economies in Europe and other regions face runway limitations, staffing shortages, regulatory complexities, and political resistance to growth. Summit panellists emphasized that the issue has evolved beyond funding shortages to encompass governance, regulatory frameworks, and strategic alignment. The session underscored the urgent need for cost-effective infrastructure investment, smarter regulatory approaches, realistic sustainability pathways, and enhanced coordination across the aviation ecosystem. With demand expected to remain resilient throughout the decade, the risk is evident: without decisive and coordinated action, capacity constraints—whether in aviation, semiconductors, or critical raw materials such as copper—may become a lasting impediment to economic and sectoral growth.

Delta Air Lines Joins Frontier, JetBlue, and American in Major Airbus Orders December 2025 marked a significant milestone in the U.S. aviation industry as Delta Air Lines joined Frontier, JetBlue, and American Airlines in receiving record-breaking deliveries of new Airbus aircraft. This wave of fleet renewal is poised to reshape the competitive landscape, with these carriers investing heavily in next-generation jets designed to enhance passenger comfort, fuel efficiency, and overall operational performance. Globally, 793 commercial aircraft were delivered in December alone, with U.S. airlines securing a substantial portion of these new models. The influx of advanced Airbus aircraft, featuring cutting-edge technology and improved environmental performance, underscores a strategic commitment by major carriers to modernize their fleets and position themselves for growth in 2026 and beyond. Fleet Expansion and Competitive Dynamics Delta Air Lines: Strategic Growth Amid Competition Delta Air Lines concluded 2025 by taking delivery of seven new Airbus jets in the final quarter, including A321neo, A220-300, and A350-900 models. These additions arrived just ahead of the busy holiday travel season, increasing capacity and offering passengers upgraded amenities. Over the course of the year, Delta received a total of 38 new aircraft, reflecting its dedication to operational efficiency and enhanced customer experience. This ambitious fleet expansion occurs amid intensifying competition from low-cost carriers such as Frontier and JetBlue. While some investors remain optimistic about Delta’s strong on-time performance and profitability, others express caution due to the growing threat posed by budget rivals and the potential for shifting pricing strategies. In addition to its Airbus acquisitions, Delta is also focusing on expanding its premium cabin offerings, with new Boeing 787 Dreamliners set to join its fleet. This initiative aims to capture rising demand from both business and leisure travelers, potentially influencing broader market dynamics as competitors respond with their own strategic adjustments. Frontier Airlines: Accelerated Growth in the Budget Sector Frontier Airlines maintained its rapid expansion by taking delivery of ten new Airbus jets—including A320neo and A321neo models—in the last quarter of 2025. The Denver-based carrier is leveraging these fuel-efficient aircraft to reduce operating costs and increase seating capacity, thereby reinforcing its position in the ultra-low-cost market segment. Frontier’s aggressive fleet renewal signals confidence in sustained post-pandemic travel demand and suggests the potential for further consolidation among low-cost carriers as competition intensifies. Industry Outlook The surge in Airbus deliveries to Delta, Frontier, JetBlue, and American Airlines is transforming the U.S. aviation sector. As these airlines modernize their fleets, passengers can anticipate improved travel experiences and greater operational efficiency. However, the industry continues to face challenges stemming from economic uncertainty and evolving competitive pressures. Carriers are likely to adjust pricing and capacity strategies in response to these dynamics to safeguard their market positions. As 2026 approaches, the impact of these record-setting aircraft orders will continue to influence the trajectory of U.S. air travel, establishing new standards for innovation and service in the skies.

easyJet Upgrades Final Airbus A320ceo Fleet with Sharklets to Enhance Efficiency easyJet has announced the retrofit of its remaining Airbus A320ceo aircraft with Airbus’s Sharklets, replacing the traditional Wing Tip Fences in a strategic effort to improve fuel efficiency and operational performance. The upgrade program, conducted in collaboration with Airbus, will encompass seven aircraft currently stationed at London Gatwick, Lisbon, Berlin, and Milan Malpensa, with completion expected by next summer. The first aircraft underwent modification during a routine maintenance visit in October. Fuel Savings and Operational Benefits The installation of Sharklets is projected to reduce fuel consumption by up to 4%, which translates to an annual saving of approximately 2,156 tonnes of fuel across the affected fleet. Introduced in 2012 before the launch of the A320neo, Sharklets not only extend the aircraft’s range by up to 100 nautical miles but also contribute to lower maintenance costs by decreasing engine power requirements during takeoff. Alongside the retrofit, easyJet plans to add six additional seats per aircraft, further enhancing operational efficiency. Industry Context and Implications This modernization initiative arrives amid a broader industry focus on cost-effectiveness and environmental sustainability. While easyJet expects notable reductions in fuel use and emissions, the transition may require adjustments in maintenance and operations as crews adapt to the modified aircraft. The airline sector currently faces a complex environment characterized by supply chain disruptions and economic volatility, factors that influence decisions regarding fleet upgrades. Market analysts suggest that easyJet’s move could encourage competitors to adopt similar fuel-saving technologies to maintain their competitive positions, potentially accelerating the industry-wide embrace of such innovations. This trend aligns with Airbus’s Global Services Forecast, which anticipates growth in the market for fleet modifications from $12 billion today to $17 billion annually by 2044. The Sharklet retrofit forms part of Airbus’s broader “Mods & Upgrades” program, aimed at helping operators enhance fleet performance and sustainability. easyJet’s initiative highlights the ongoing shift within the aviation sector toward greater efficiency and environmental responsibility amid evolving operational and financial challenges.

Commercial Aerospace in 2026: Advances from Self-Healing Parts to Space-Based MRO As the commercial aerospace industry approaches 2026, it finds itself navigating a complex landscape shaped by rapid digital transformation and expanding operational frontiers. The sector is simultaneously reinforcing its digital infrastructure on the ground and exploring innovative maintenance and logistics solutions in space. This dual evolution reflects the industry's response to emerging challenges and opportunities, positioning it for a new era of resilience and growth. Strengthening Digital Resilience Amid Rising Cyber Threats The aviation sector’s critical infrastructure, responsible for the global movement of people and goods, has become an increasingly attractive target for cyberattacks. Recent data from Thales reveals a dramatic 600% increase in ransomware incidents between 2024 and 2025. A notable example occurred in September 2025, when a cyberattack disrupted check-in systems at major European airports including Brussels, London, and Berlin, underscoring the vulnerability of current systems. A significant weakness lies within the “middle section” of the industry’s technology stack, where airline, aircraft, and ground systems remain only partially modernized. In response, airlines and regulatory bodies are expected to enforce comprehensive digital upgrades aimed at closing these security gaps. Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul providers (MROs), along with operators, will be required to collaborate closely with software partners to ensure a proactive cybersecurity posture. This will involve frequent software updates and a design philosophy focused on eliminating vulnerabilities from the outset, thereby enhancing the sector’s overall digital resilience. Innovations in Supply Chain and Materials Technology Persistent supply chain disruptions, particularly in the availability of spare parts, continue to challenge aviation maintenance. Traditional approaches, such as reliance on Parts Manufacturer Approval (PMA) components, often encounter resistance from lessors and incur significant costs during lease returns, limiting airlines’ flexibility and maintaining dependence on primary suppliers. In 2026, however, 3D printing is expected to become a mainstream solution, enabling airlines to manufacture critical components on demand and reduce their reliance on conventional supply chains. The integration of digital thread technologies will further improve traceability and operational efficiency, allowing operators to maintain readiness despite ongoing disruptions. Concurrently, the industry is witnessing a materials revolution with the introduction of self-healing components, including advanced polyurethane topcoats. These materials offer enhanced durability and potential cost savings, with market forecasts indicating substantial growth in their adoption. While some resistance from traditional maintenance practices is anticipated, competitive pressures and positive market responses are likely to accelerate widespread implementation. This shift will compel competitors to prioritize innovation and operational efficiency to sustain their market positions. Industry Consolidation and the Emergence of Space-Based MRO The commercial aerospace sector is also experiencing increased private equity activity, driven by consolidation opportunities and the pressing need to address supply chain bottlenecks and aging fleets. This trend is expected to intensify as companies seek greater scale and resilience in a rapidly evolving market environment. Beyond terrestrial operations, the rise of reusable launch vehicles is opening new avenues for space-based Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) and logistics services. Initiatives such as Amazon’s Low Earth Orbit (LEO) space communications network and SpaceX’s in-orbit refueling capabilities are reshaping the technological landscape. These developments hold the potential to redefine operational models and market dynamics, further blurring the boundaries between commercial aviation and the space sector. In 2026, the commercial aerospace industry will thus be characterized by a delicate balance of urgent digital modernization, innovative supply chain strategies, and the adoption of next-generation materials, all while extending its operational reach into space. The sector’s capacity to adapt to these multifaceted challenges will be critical to its resilience and competitiveness in the years ahead.

Ground Handling Challenges and Innovations in the Nordic Region In the demanding aviation environment of Scandinavia, ground handling plays a critical role in maintaining flight schedules despite harsh winters, tight turnaround times, and evolving market pressures. Operating across Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland, Aviator Airport Alliance, a division of Avia Solutions Group, has established itself as a leader in managing this complex logistical operation with precision and adaptability. Precision and Speed in Turnaround Operations Ground crews in the Nordic region typically have just 25 minutes to complete a full aircraft turnaround, which includes unloading, reloading, refueling, restocking, and preparing the aircraft for its next flight. This rapid process is further complicated during winter months by the necessity of de-icing procedures, where every second is critical. The operation resembles the choreography of a Formula 1 pit stop, with each team member and piece of equipment synchronized to perform dozens of tasks immediately upon the aircraft’s arrival. Speed and accuracy are essential not only to adhere to tight schedules but also to maintain stringent safety standards. Serving a Diverse Range of Clients Aviator supports a wide array of airlines, from major carriers such as SAS, Ryanair, Wizz Air, and Turkish Airlines to charter and special flights. Their portfolio also includes unique assignments, such as handling aircraft for film productions and managing high-security flights like those of Air Force One. These varied operations underscore the adaptability required to meet diverse client demands and highlight the responsibility that extends beyond routine ground handling. The Role of Ground Handling Teams as Airline Representatives Ground handling personnel act as the frontline representatives of airlines, managing check-in, boarding, and passenger interactions. This role carries significant trust and responsibility, requiring seamless customer service that aligns with each airline’s standards. Safety remains paramount, as even minor errors can disrupt schedules or result in grounded aircraft. To secure and maintain contracts, Aviator competes by demonstrating operational excellence, particularly in safety and customer experience. Addressing Market and Supply Chain Pressures The Nordic ground handling sector faces additional challenges stemming from global supply chain disruptions. Recent issues in business aviation, including temporary fuel shortages and potential tariffs on aircraft components, have prompted airlines and service providers to adopt strategies such as increasing fuel reserves, diversifying supply chains, and investing in local infrastructure. These measures are vital as the market remains sensitive to policy shifts and economic volatility, including internal divisions within the Federal Reserve and elevated market valuations. Commitment to Safety, Training, and Competitive Excellence In highly regulated airports where multiple ground handlers compete, maintaining an impeccable safety record is essential. Aviator invests heavily in training both new recruits and experienced staff to ensure reliability even under the harshest conditions. Their competitive advantage lies in delivering flawless service without compromising safety or operational efficiency. Innovation and Sustainability Initiatives With flight schedules becoming increasingly volatile and airline demands evolving rapidly, operational flexibility has become more important than ever. Aviator customizes its services for each client and employs technology to manage unpredictable workloads while maintaining workforce stability. The company is also a regional pioneer in environmental sustainability, having been among the first to introduce electric ground service equipment. This innovation reduces both emissions and noise pollution on the apron, aligning with broader industry goals for greener operations. In a region where operational excellence, adaptability, and sustainability are paramount, Aviator and its peers continue to push the boundaries of ground handling, ensuring that Nordic aviation remains resilient amid seasonal challenges and global uncertainties.

African Airlines Lead Global Growth in Holiday Cargo Demand African airlines experienced a remarkable 15.6% year-on-year increase in air cargo demand in November 2025, the highest growth rate among all global regions, according to the latest figures from the International Air Transport Association (IATA). This surge was driven primarily by heightened activity during the holiday season and was accompanied by an 18.1% rise in cargo capacity across the continent. Expansion in Passenger and Cargo Capacity The festive period also highlighted significant developments within Africa’s aviation sector. Ethiopian Airlines retained its status as the continent’s largest carrier by scheduled seat capacity, while South African Airways recorded the fastest growth among Africa’s top ten airlines, expanding its capacity by 33.5% compared to the previous year. Cairo International Airport emerged as Africa’s busiest airport by scheduled seats, reflecting Egypt’s dominant position in the regional aviation market, which accounted for approximately three million seats during the holiday season. Overall, airline capacity across Africa reached 25.2 million seats in December 2025, marking a 6.8% increase from December 2024. This growth in both cargo and passenger capacity underscores Africa’s expanding role in global air transport. However, it also raises concerns about potential pressures on operational efficiency and infrastructure as the industry scales rapidly. Global Context and Market Dynamics On a global scale, air cargo demand grew by 5.5% year-on-year in November, as shippers prioritized timely deliveries ahead of the year-end holidays. Willie Walsh, IATA’s Director General, attributed this resilience to strong emerging market demand and selective growth in the Middle East, which offset softness in the Americas amid ongoing adjustments to the new US tariff regime. He emphasized that the robust performance in the fourth quarter, shaped by strategic trade re-routing, bodes well for the industry’s outlook entering 2026. Several factors influenced the operating environment in November. Global goods trade expanded by 3.2% year-on-year in October. Despite falling crude oil prices, jet fuel prices rose by 5.9% due to refinery disruptions, European Union restrictions on Russian products, and limited refining capacity, pushing crack spreads to nearly double those of the previous year. Meanwhile, global manufacturing sentiment improved, with the Purchasing Managers’ Index (PMI) rising for the fourth consecutive month to 51.17. However, new export orders remained cautious, registering slightly below the 50-point threshold at 49.87, reflecting ongoing uncertainties related to tariffs. Regional Variations and Industry Outlook Regional performance varied considerably. Asia-Pacific airlines saw a 10.3% increase in cargo demand alongside an 8.4% rise in capacity. European carriers experienced a 5.8% growth in cargo demand with a 4.1% increase in capacity. Middle Eastern airlines reported a 7.4% rise in cargo demand and an 11.0% increase in capacity. In contrast, North American carriers faced a 1.6% decline in cargo demand and a 2.3% reduction in capacity, while Latin American and Caribbean airlines recorded decreases of 4.8% in cargo demand and 3.0% in capacity. Looking ahead to 2026, the air transport industry anticipates intensified competition. Major carriers such as Delta and United Airlines are expected to lead in profitability, whereas lower-cost airlines may encounter greater vulnerability to economic fluctuations. For African airlines, the challenge will be to sustain rapid growth while maintaining operational resilience and efficiency amid evolving market conditions.