Tracking one Boeing 737’s journey through the US-China trade war

Airbus Reports May Orders Stall and Decline in Deliveries, Backlog Remains Strong Delivery Challenges Amid Supply Chain Constraints European aerospace giant Airbus SE continues to grapple with significant challenges in scaling up aircraft deliveries, hindered by persistent engine shortages and broader supply chain disruptions. In May, the company delivered 51 aircraft, representing a 4% decrease compared to the 53 units delivered in the same month last year. This decline contributes to a year-to-date total of 243 aircraft, down 5% from the corresponding period in 2024. These figures highlight the ongoing difficulties Airbus faces in meeting production targets despite sustained demand. Robust Backlog Reflects Enduring Market Demand Despite the recent softness in deliveries, Airbus’s commercial aircraft order backlog remains robust, exceeding 8,600 units. This substantial pipeline underscores continued strong interest from airlines globally. By the end of the first quarter, original equipment manufacturers’ (OEMs) backlogs stabilized at approximately $53 billion, signaling resilient long-term demand even as near-term production is constrained. The sizeable backlog provides Airbus with a degree of stability amid the current operational challenges. Outlook and Industry Implications Airbus is under mounting pressure from airline customers requesting delays in aircraft handovers, complicating the manufacturer’s efforts to achieve a 7% year-over-year increase in deliveries and meet its full-year target of 820 aircraft. Industry analysts and investors are closely monitoring Airbus’s ability to navigate these supply chain issues, which show little sign of immediate resolution. Attention is also turning to the upcoming Paris Air Show, where new order announcements and competitor strategies are expected to shed light on the commercial aircraft market’s direction. The event will be pivotal in assessing how Airbus and its rivals are managing ongoing operational constraints while responding to evolving market demands. While recent delivery figures have softened, Airbus’s extensive backlog offers a buffer against industry volatility. The company’s performance in the coming quarters will be critical as it strives to reconcile strong market demand with the realities of a constrained supply environment.

US Aviation Industry Warns Tariffs on Aircraft Parts Could Disrupt Supply Chains Industry Opposition to Proposed Tariffs US airlines and aerospace manufacturers have expressed strong opposition to the Trump administration’s proposed tariffs on civil aircraft and parts, cautioning that such measures could severely disrupt supply chains, increase operational costs, and threaten the sector’s substantial trade surplus. The Commerce Department, led by Secretary Howard Lutnick, initiated an investigation on May 1 into the potential imposition of tariffs ranging from 10 to 20 percent on civil aircraft components, including engines, following a directive from President Donald Trump. However, the industry targeted by these tariffs has made it clear that it does not support the move. In a letter to Secretary Lutnick, the Aerospace Industries Association (AIA) warned that imposing broad tariff or non-tariff barriers on civil aviation technology imports risks reversing decades of industrial progress and damaging the domestic supply chain. The AIA further cautioned that such tariffs could jeopardize air safety and destabilize a supply chain still recovering from the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic. Economic Impact and Trade Considerations The AIA highlighted the economic significance of the US aerospace and defense sector, which exported $135.9 billion in 2023, with $113.9 billion stemming from civil aviation alone. This resulted in a $74.5 billion trade surplus and supported over 2.2 million jobs across more than 100,000 companies. The sector also invested $34.5 billion in research and development last year, producing nearly $545 billion in goods. Airlines for America (A4A), another key trade association, underscored the importance of the international Agreement on Trade in Commercial Aviation (ATCA), which has eliminated tariffs and trade barriers for nearly five decades. A4A emphasized that 84 percent of US civil aviation production is domestic and argued that the remaining 16 percent does not require intervention. The group stressed that the existing trade framework is essential for both economic vitality and national security. Risks to Supply Chains and Industry Stability Experts warn that tariffs would act as a disruptive force within an already strained supply chain, which is grappling with labor shortages and skill deficits rather than trade imbalances. The added costs from tariffs have already increased expenses across the aerospace and defense sectors, affecting delivery schedules and profitability. Airlines are contending with rising costs, supply chain challenges, and weakening demand, leading to lowered forecasts and growing concerns about air safety. Willie Walsh, head of the International Air Transport Association (IATA), urged policymakers to exclude aerospace from trade conflicts, emphasizing the need to avoid exacerbating existing difficulties. As the administration deliberates its next steps, industry leaders continue to advocate for maintaining the current trade framework, warning that new tariffs could undermine decades of progress and place the US aviation sector at a competitive disadvantage on the global stage.

Judge Reviews DOJ Motion to Dismiss Boeing Criminal Case Trial Postponed Amid Review of Dismissal Motion The United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas has vacated the trial scheduled for late June in the criminal case against The Boeing Company, as Judge Reed O’Connor considers a motion filed by the Department of Justice (DOJ) to dismiss the prosecution. The case concerns Boeing’s involvement in the fatal crashes of its 737 MAX aircraft in 2018 and 2019. On June 1, Judge O’Connor granted the DOJ’s request to cancel the trial originally set to begin on June 23, following the department’s motion to dismiss filed on May 29. The court has established a briefing schedule requiring responses to the DOJ’s motion by June 18, with any replies in support due by June 25. Details of the Proposed Settlement The DOJ seeks to drop a single criminal fraud charge against Boeing, proposing instead a settlement in which the company would pay more than $1.1 billion. This sum includes a $487.2 million penalty and $444.5 million allocated to a fund for the families of the crash victims. Under the terms of the agreement, Boeing would admit to the charge, and the DOJ would withdraw the prosecution. The department contends that the settlement “secures meaningful accountability, delivers substantial and immediate public benefits, and brings finality to a difficult and complex case whose outcome would otherwise be uncertain.” DOJ attorneys have expressed concerns about the strength of their case, citing a prior trial involving a former Boeing employee that ended without a conviction. Boeing has affirmed its commitment to fulfilling its obligations under the proposed resolution, highlighting that the settlement offers “substantial additional compensation for the families of those lost” in the crashes. The company has also pledged to undertake further institutional reforms as part of the agreement. Opposition and Judicial Uncertainty The proposed deal has faced sharp criticism from lawyers representing the victims’ families, who have described it as “morally repugnant” and urged the court to reject the settlement. Some lawmakers have also voiced opposition, arguing that the agreement allows Boeing to avoid a full trial and evade comprehensive accountability for its actions. The DOJ’s readiness to end the felony case—under which Boeing would admit to conspiracy to obstruct and impede federal regulators—has intensified scrutiny of the process. Judge O’Connor has yet to approve the DOJ’s request, indicating potential challenges in finalizing the non-prosecution agreement. Should the judge reject the motion to dismiss, the trial could proceed at a later date, leaving the outcome of this high-profile case unresolved.

Airlines Struggle with Ongoing Supply Chain Disruptions United Airlines CEO Scott Kirby has drawn attention to the profound and persistent impact of global supply chain disruptions on the aviation sector, describing the challenges as unparalleled compared to other industries recovering from the pandemic. Kirby highlighted that widespread retirements during the pandemic have further strained the industry’s capacity, cautioning that a full recovery of the aviation supply chain will require considerable time. Expansion Amid Supply Chain Challenges These comments coincide with United Airlines’ strategic expansion into Africa, marked by the recent launch of flights to Dakar, Senegal. The airline now serves several major African cities, including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Marrakech, Lagos, Accra, and Dakar, establishing itself as the largest U.S. carrier connecting Africa to the rest of the world. Kirby expressed enthusiasm about the continent’s potential, stating, “We have been growing, we plan to grow and add more cities. We are excited about Africa.” However, he acknowledged that supply chain setbacks, particularly delays in aircraft deliveries from Boeing, have impeded United’s growth plans. “We would have been even bigger today, but Boeing has been a little behind on aircraft deliveries, or we would have added some of those routes already,” he noted. United’s difficulties mirror broader challenges facing the global airline industry. Carriers worldwide continue to contend with persistent supply chain disruptions, escalating operational costs, and weakening demand. Economic instability and geopolitical uncertainties, including tariffs imposed by the U.S. government, have intensified these pressures, leading many American airlines to reduce or withhold their annual forecasts. The Association of Asia Pacific Airlines (AAPA) has urged governments and suppliers to take urgent action to resolve the ongoing supply chain crisis, warning that delayed aircraft deliveries threaten the achievement of sustainability targets. Industry Adaptation and Customer Experience Investments Despite these obstacles, some airlines maintain a cautiously optimistic outlook. Ryanair anticipates a strong summer season fueled by robust bookings and constrained supply, while Qatar Airways is preparing for a significant Boeing aircraft order. Across the sector, carriers are adapting by managing supply chain volatility and pursuing greater operational efficiency. At an event in New York unveiling United’s new premium Polaris studio cabins on its Boeing 787-9 aircraft, Kirby emphasized the airline’s commitment to enhancing the customer experience. United invests over $150 million annually in food services, aiming to elevate every aspect of the in-flight journey. “It is not only the food, it’s the plates they come on; we have added a red pepper shaker in case you want to spice up your meal. I think that is pretty unique amongst airlines,” Kirby remarked. He stressed that United’s strategy prioritizes investment in products and services valued by customers rather than cost-cutting measures. Kirby also highlighted United’s critical role as a connector between the United States and Africa, particularly through its hubs in Newark and Washington, D.C. “It’s about connecting people and uniting the world, and those links are critical to the future of Africa,” he said. The airline is also advancing its technological offerings by rolling out enhanced in-flight Wi-Fi and becoming the first major U.S. carrier to provide Starlink connectivity on commercial flights. As the aviation industry continues to navigate ongoing supply chain disruptions, airlines like United are striving to balance expansion, investment, and operational resilience to meet evolving customer expectations amid global uncertainties.

Boeing Resumes Aircraft Deliveries to China Amid Trade Tensions Boeing has completed its first aircraft delivery to China since the escalation of the U.S.-China tariff dispute, marking a tentative step toward easing strained trade relations between the two economic powers. This delivery, closely monitored by industry observers, arrives after years of disrupted supply chains and uncertainty that have challenged the global aerospace sector. The market response to Boeing’s renewed engagement with China has been cautiously optimistic. The company anticipates a 14% reduction in net debt following recent financial inflows, providing some respite after a difficult period. Nevertheless, experts emphasize that the threat of renewed tariffs continues to cast a shadow over the aftermarket, with potential trade barriers posing risks not only to business operations but also to aviation safety and the integrity of critical supply chains. While the resumption of deliveries is welcomed as a positive development, significant challenges persist. The aerospace industry has expressed concern that any reinstatement of tariffs could undermine both commercial viability and the rigorous safety standards essential to international aviation. Boeing’s move may prompt competitive responses, though no specific actions from rivals such as Airbus have yet been disclosed. Broader Geopolitical Impact on Global Industries This development unfolds against a backdrop of heightened geopolitical tensions affecting multiple sectors worldwide. Notably, the technology industries in India and China have been deeply affected by ongoing disputes. Following a deadly border clash in the Himalayas last June, India imposed bans on numerous Chinese technology firms, including ByteDance, Alibaba, and Tencent, while also excluding Huawei from its 5G infrastructure. Despite diplomatic efforts to reduce military tensions, these business restrictions remain firmly in place. The ban on TikTok alone resulted in the loss of approximately 200 million Indian users. The consequences for Chinese companies are particularly severe as they are effectively barred from India’s rapidly expanding internet market, which currently boasts nearly 750 million users and is projected to reach one billion by 2025. Shirley Yu, a visiting fellow at the London School of Economics, highlighted the strategic loss, noting that Chinese firms are missing out on the growth of what could become the world’s third-largest economy by 2050 and the market with the second-largest internet user base globally. These intertwined developments illustrate the extensive ramifications of geopolitical disputes on global industries, spanning from aerospace to technology. While Boeing’s recent delivery to China may signal a modest improvement in trade relations, the broader environment remains uncertain, compelling companies on both sides to carefully manage the risks associated with ongoing geopolitical tensions.

The Design Evolution of the Boeing 737 MAX Engine Shape Boeing’s 737 MAX marks the latest iteration of its best-selling single-aisle aircraft, engineered to provide enhanced fuel efficiency, extended range, and reduced operating costs compared to the preceding 737 Next Generation (NG) series. Introduced in 2011 as a strategic response to the rising popularity of the Airbus A320neo, the 737 MAX program prioritized upgrading the existing 737 platform rather than developing a completely new model. This strategy led to a series of aerodynamic refinements, structural improvements, updated avionics, and most notably, the integration of the new CFM International LEAP-1B engines. Engineering Challenges and Engine Design A defining visual characteristic distinguishing the 737 MAX from its predecessors is the shape of its engine nacelles. The engines on the MAX feature a distinctly flattened underside, a design adaptation necessitated by the challenge of accommodating a significantly larger engine on an airframe originally designed with low ground clearance. The LEAP-1B engine, with a fan diameter of 69 inches—eight inches wider than the CFM56-7B engines used on the 737NG—delivers substantial improvements in fuel efficiency and emissions reduction. However, its increased size further constrains the space between the engine and the ground. This design challenge is deeply rooted in the 737’s developmental history. The original 737-100 and -200 models, introduced in the late 1960s, featured short landing gear and a low-slung fuselage to enable operations at airports with limited infrastructure. Their compact Pratt & Whitney JT8D engines fit neatly beneath the wing with fully round nacelles. As airlines sought greater efficiency, Boeing introduced larger CFM56 engines on the 737 Classic series, prompting engineers to flatten the nacelle’s underside to maintain adequate ground clearance—a design feature that continued through the NG series. With the MAX, these constraints became even more pronounced. Although Boeing extended the nose landing gear and repositioned the engines higher and further forward on the wing, it was unable to fully restore the original ground clearance. Consequently, the 737 MAX exhibits the most pronounced flattened nacelle shape of any 737 variant to date. Broader Implications and Market Context These engineering decisions have carried significant implications beyond design. Boeing continues to face rigorous regulatory scrutiny, with CEO Kelly Ortberg underscoring the critical importance of securing certification and compliance by the end of the year. Market responses remain mixed; while some airlines and lessors, including Emirates, express cautious optimism regarding Boeing’s recovery, they emphasize the urgency of increasing production rates to satisfy demand. Meanwhile, Airbus capitalizes on its own engine technologies and market momentum to attract customers amid Boeing’s ongoing delays. Compounding Boeing’s challenges are legal and reputational issues, including efforts to resolve U.S. criminal investigations related to the 737 MAX crashes and recent concerns over door plug defects. These factors continue to affect investor confidence and market perceptions as Boeing strives to rebuild trust and stability in its flagship narrowbody program. The distinctive engine shape of the 737 MAX thus reflects a complex engineering compromise—an adaptation of advanced propulsion technology to a legacy airframe shaped by decades of incremental design changes, evolving market demands, and the pressures of intense industry competition.

IndiGo’s A321XLR Delivery Timeline and Expansion Strategy India’s largest low-cost carrier, IndiGo Airlines, is preparing to receive its first Airbus A321XLR aircraft, now anticipated in December 2025. This new addition to the fleet is expected to significantly extend the airline’s international reach, enabling direct flights on longer routes that were previously inaccessible with its narrow-body aircraft. However, industry-wide production and supply chain disruptions pose risks to the delivery schedule, potentially affecting IndiGo’s ambitious global expansion plans. The A321XLR, boasting a range of approximately 8,700 kilometers, will allow IndiGo to operate nonstop flights from major Indian hubs such as Delhi, Mumbai, and Hyderabad to destinations including Seoul, Athens, and Nairobi. These routes are central to the airline’s growth strategy through 2030, as it currently operates over 2,200 daily flights to more than 140 destinations across Asia, Europe, and Africa. IndiGo has placed an order for 69 A321XLRs, aiming to strengthen its presence in Europe, Northeast Asia, and East Africa. CEO Pieter Elbers has described the A321XLR as a critical link between the airline’s existing A321neo fleet and its forthcoming long-haul Airbus A350 services, scheduled to commence in 2027. The extended range of the XLR model, which adds up to two hours of additional flying time, will open new markets such as Denpasar, Athens, and Nairobi, while reinforcing IndiGo’s foothold in established international sectors. Challenges and Competitive Landscape Despite these promising developments, IndiGo faces significant challenges. Delays in aircraft production and supply chains threaten to slow the introduction of the A321XLR, potentially postponing the launch of new long-haul routes and the planned rollout of business class services. These uncertainties have elicited mixed responses from investors, with some expressing concern over the impact on the airline’s expansion timeline, while others remain confident in IndiGo’s long-term growth prospects. Competition is intensifying, notably from carriers such as Aegean Airlines, which is reportedly considering India for its initial A321LR routes. This emerging rivalry could affect key markets that IndiGo is targeting with its expanded fleet. In response, IndiGo is advancing a multi-hub strategy designed to optimize fleet utilization and operational efficiency. Mumbai is positioned as the gateway to West Asia, Delhi will focus on Central Asia, and Hyderabad will support niche domestic and regional routes. This approach is intended to sustain and enhance the airline’s long-haul services. To further strengthen its international network, IndiGo has established partnerships with major global airlines including Delta, Air France-KLM, Virgin Atlantic, and Japan Airlines. These alliances, facilitated through codeshare agreements, will extend IndiGo’s connectivity to over 30 cities across Europe and North America. Additionally, the airline has increased its order for wide-body Airbus A350s and plans to introduce Boeing 787 aircraft, diversifying its fleet and enabling direct service to high-demand long-haul destinations. Leveraging India’s strategic geographic location—where 65% of the world’s population is within a five to six-hour flight—IndiGo aims to reduce dependence on foreign hubs and develop a self-reliant medium- and long-haul network. While supply chain delays present tangible obstacles, the airline remains focused on transforming its international connectivity and establishing itself as a globally competitive carrier.

Lufthansa Technik Establishes Training Hub in Portugal Amid Expansion Efforts Lufthansa Technik has officially opened a new training centre in Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal, marking a pivotal advancement in its strategic expansion within the country. Situated in the Perm industrial park, approximately nine kilometres from the site of the company’s forthcoming production facility, the centre is designed to prepare staff ahead of the plant’s scheduled launch in late 2027. Preparing the Workforce for Future Operations The training hub occupies two buildings and currently facilitates introductory sessions and classroom-based instruction for the initial cohort of 18 employees at Lufthansa Technik Portugal. Practical training is expected to commence shortly, supported by seasoned instructors from the company’s headquarters in Hamburg. The facility, leased for an initial term of three years, is equipped with modern seminar rooms and fully outfitted office workstations, providing a comprehensive environment for employee development. This initiative follows Lufthansa Technik’s announcement in December of a substantial investment, estimated in the triple-digit million-euro range, in a new 54,000 square metre production site located in the Lusopark industrial area of Santa Maria da Feira. The forthcoming facility will specialise in the repair of aircraft components and engine parts, with plans to create approximately 700 jobs. Recruitment efforts are already underway, with 25 key positions filled, including roles such as human resources manager, production manager, and tool and equipment engineer. An additional 20 hires are anticipated before the end of the year, targeting technicians, quality engineer auditors, and HR specialists. The company reports robust interest in these roles, receiving an average of 150 applications per vacancy. To bolster workforce development, Lufthansa Technik Portugal is collaborating with educational institutions across the country. Notably, it has partnered with Cenfim, a national vocational training centre specialising in metalworking and electromechanical industries, which is assisting in the selection and technical evaluation of prospective mechanics. Strategic Positioning in a Competitive Market The inauguration of the training centre occurs as Lufthansa Technik navigates a highly competitive business aviation sector. The company’s focus on VIP and special aircraft services, which constitute approximately five percent of its overall revenues, faces mounting competition from industry rivals such as General Electric, which recently launched the technologically advanced Catalyst engine. Amid rising costs associated with sustainable aviation fuel (SAF), competitors are expected to intensify efforts to secure business aviation contracts. In this context, the effectiveness of Lufthansa Technik’s new training centre in enhancing service quality and staff expertise will be a critical factor influencing its market standing. At the opening ceremony, Volker Magunna, chairperson of the board at Lufthansa Technik Portugal, highlighted the significance of the milestone. He stated, “Today is a special day for Lufthansa Technik Portugal, one that will go down in the company’s history—even before construction of the actual production facility has begun. This milestone vividly demonstrates the pace and commitment with which we are advancing this major project. I am excited about everyone who wants to shape and build Lufthansa Technik Portugal together with us. This also applies to our partners at AICEP and the city of Santa Maria da Feira, who have welcomed us with open arms and provided strong support from the very beginning.” The establishment of the training centre underscores Lufthansa Technik’s dedication to long-term workforce development and its ambition to reinforce its position within the evolving aviation services market.

Riyadh Air Unveils Airbus A321XLR in Full Livery Ahead of Paris Air Show 2025 A Milestone in Branding and Fleet Development In Hamburg, Riyadh Air has taken a significant step in its branding efforts with the unveiling of an Airbus A321XLR test aircraft adorned in the airline’s distinctive pearl-white and purple livery. Registered as F-WWBZ, this aircraft is one of three A321XLR prototypes operated by Airbus and is set to be showcased at the upcoming Paris Air Show, scheduled to take place at Paris-Le Bourget Airport from June 16 to 22, 2025. Painted at Airbus’s Hamburg-Finkenwerder facility, the narrowbody jet now prominently features Riyadh Air’s signature purple-lilac tail and the stylized ‘circled R’ logo. Although this aircraft is not yet part of Riyadh Air’s operational fleet, its appearance in full livery marks a pivotal branding milestone as the Saudi carrier prepares for its official launch and the commencement of Airbus deliveries in 2026. Airbus’s decision to present the A321XLR in Riyadh Air colors highlights the airline’s emerging strategic importance as a new operator of the long-range single-aisle model. Riyadh Air has placed substantial orders, including 60 Airbus A321neo aircraft alongside 72 Boeing 787-9 Dreamliners, underscoring its ambitious plans for international expansion. Competitive Challenges and Market Dynamics Despite its promising outlook, Riyadh Air faces notable challenges in establishing itself within the competitive Middle Eastern aviation market. Industry sources, including Aviation Week, identify the airline’s primary obstacle as attracting top-tier talent rather than securing financial backing. This recruitment challenge comes amid intensifying competition from established carriers such as Wizz Air, which recently received its first A321XLR equipped with Pratt & Whitney engines. Wizz Air is preparing for stabilized summer operations and is reportedly considering network expansion into Saudi Arabia. By leveraging its A321XLR fleet and operating crews overnight at various destinations, Wizz Air aims to maintain cost control and strengthen its market position, factors that may influence Riyadh Air’s strategic approach. Fleet Strategy and Future Prospects at the Paris Air Show The Paris Air Show will also serve as a critical venue for Airbus to pursue significant A350 orders, with Riyadh Air as a key target. The airline is currently operating Boeing 787s for its long-haul routes but is evaluating the Airbus A350 as a potential addition to its fleet. Airbus is emphasizing the A350’s advantages in fuel efficiency, extended range, and passenger comfort compared to rival models such as Boeing’s 777X. This evaluation reflects Riyadh Air’s broader strategy to support its international route growth with higher-capacity aircraft. As Riyadh Air prepares for its official launch, its prominent presence at the Paris Air Show, coupled with intensifying regional competition and evolving fleet strategies, signals a dynamic new phase in the Middle Eastern aviation sector.

FAA Maintains Production Cap on Boeing 737 MAX The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has decided to uphold the existing production limit on Boeing’s 737 MAX aircraft, maintaining the cap at 38 planes per month. Acting FAA Administrator Chris Rocheleau confirmed this decision following a U.S. House hearing, emphasizing that the agency will continue its policy of inspecting every 737 MAX and 787 jet before issuing airworthiness certificates. This approach remains unchanged despite Boeing’s ambitions to increase output. Boeing’s Production Ambitions and Regulatory Challenges Boeing is currently producing fewer than the FAA’s capped limit but has expressed intentions to raise production to 42 MAX jets per month, with plans to incrementally increase output by five aircraft every six months. CEO Kelly Ortberg recently conveyed confidence in meeting these targets, a statement that contributed to a 5% surge in Boeing’s share price. Nevertheless, the FAA’s decision to maintain the cap presents a significant obstacle as Boeing aims to eventually produce 47 planes monthly. The complexity of the 737 MAX 10 model, combined with ongoing regulatory scrutiny, further complicates the company’s efforts to scale production. The production cap was initially imposed following a mid-air emergency in January 2024 involving an Alaska Airlines 737-9, which was discovered to be missing four critical bolts. In response, the FAA mandated direct inspections of all newly manufactured 737 MAX and 787 aircraft prior to granting airworthiness certification, a requirement that remains firmly in place. Broader Production and Regulatory Context In addition to the 737 MAX, Boeing is pursuing an increase in production of its 787 Dreamliner from seven to ten aircraft per month. The company is also working to certify additional 737 MAX variants by the end of the year, a move that could enhance its competitive standing in the commercial aviation market. While major customers such as Emirates have expressed renewed optimism regarding Boeing’s recovery, the challenge of rapidly scaling production persists. Separately, the FAA is considering a three-year extension of the Organization Designation Authorization (ODA) program, which permits Boeing to perform certain regulatory functions, including inspections and repair approvals, on the agency’s behalf. The program was last renewed for three years in May 2022, a shorter term than the usual five years, reflecting heightened scrutiny following two fatal 737-8 crashes in 2018 and 2019. The FAA has reported improvements in Boeing’s performance but will maintain rigorous oversight throughout the renewal period. As Boeing strives to regain momentum and rebuild trust with regulators and customers, the FAA’s sustained oversight and production restrictions highlight the ongoing challenges confronting the aerospace manufacturer.