Air India Flight’s Auxiliary Power Unit Catches Fire After Landing in Delhi; Passengers and Crew Safe

Delta’s Use of AI in Ticket Pricing Faces Criticism from U.S. Lawmakers Lawmakers Question Potential Impact on Consumers Three Democratic senators have formally challenged Delta Air Lines CEO Ed Bastian over the airline’s planned implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in setting ticket prices. Senators Ruben Gallego, Mark Warner, and Richard Blumenthal expressed concerns in a letter dated Monday, released the following day, about the possible consequences for travelers and data privacy. They warned that Delta’s approach to individualized pricing could result in fare increases tailored to each consumer’s so-called “personal ‘pain point’,” a troubling prospect amid rising living costs for many American families. Delta intends to expand its use of AI-powered dynamic pricing to cover up to 20% of its domestic fares by the end of 2025, in partnership with the AI pricing firm Fetcherr. The senators cited Delta’s own statements indicating that the technology might set fares based on predictions of “the amount people are willing to pay for the premium products related to the base fares.” This strategy has drawn criticism not only from lawmakers but also from consumer advocacy groups, who argue that such individualized pricing could lead to disparities where some customers pay more than others for identical services. Delta’s Response and Industry Context In response to the allegations, Delta firmly denied using or planning to use any fare products that target customers with individualized offers based on personal information. The airline emphasized that dynamic pricing—where fares fluctuate according to factors like overall demand—has been an industry standard for over 30 years and does not involve targeting specific consumers through personal data. Delta further explained that its AI technology is designed to streamline manual pricing processes, accelerate data analysis, and enable real-time fare adjustments. The company stressed that all customers see the same fares and offers across all retail channels. The AI system forecasts demand for specific routes and flights by analyzing thousands of variables simultaneously, aiming to adapt to market conditions and improve pricing decisions over time rather than personalize fares based on individual customer profiles. The senators’ concerns emerge amid heightened scrutiny of airline pricing practices. Earlier this year, Senator Blumenthal, alongside Senators Maggie Hassan and Josh Hawley, questioned Frontier Airlines and Spirit Airlines about whether they were using customers’ personal information to impose different seat fees on passengers traveling the same flight. Neither airline has provided immediate responses regarding their current practices. Industry Implications and Regulatory Outlook As Delta advances its AI-driven pricing strategy, industry observers note that competitors may either adopt similar technologies or resist potential regulatory challenges. This ongoing debate underscores growing unease about the use of artificial intelligence in consumer pricing and its implications for travelers’ expenses. The controversy highlights the delicate balance airlines must maintain between leveraging technological innovation and addressing consumer protection concerns in a highly competitive market.

Fuel Efficiency Comparison: Boeing 737 MAX and Airbus A320neo The Boeing 737 MAX and Airbus A320neo families continue to dominate the narrowbody commercial airliner market, with airlines paying close attention to their fuel efficiency and operational costs. Among these two, the Airbus A320neo is generally regarded as having a modest advantage in fuel efficiency, a factor that has bolstered its widespread adoption by carriers around the globe. Engine Technologies and Performance Both aircraft families are equipped with advanced turbofan engines, though their configurations differ. The Boeing 737 MAX exclusively utilizes the CFM International LEAP-1B engine, whereas the Airbus A320neo offers operators a choice between the CFM International LEAP-1A and the Pratt & Whitney PW1100G-JM. While the LEAP-1A and LEAP-1B share core technological features, they exhibit notable distinctions. The LEAP-1A, powering the A320neo, delivers thrust up to 35,000 pounds-force, compared to the LEAP-1B’s 28,000 pounds-force. It also boasts a higher bypass ratio of 11:1 versus 8.6:1 and slightly different pressure ratios, factors that contribute to its marginally superior fuel efficiency. The physical design of these engines reflects the airframe constraints of their respective aircraft. The 737 MAX, derived from a 1960s airframe with a lower ground clearance, requires the LEAP-1B to have a flattened underside to maintain adequate clearance. In contrast, the A320neo’s LEAP-1A is larger, measuring 11 feet in length and weighing approximately 6,631 pounds, compared to the LEAP-1B’s 10.3 feet and 6,128 pounds. Industry experts, including MTU Aero Engines, generally consider the LEAP-1A to be more efficient and potentially less costly to maintain than the PW1100G-JM. However, the differences remain marginal, and both engines enjoy strong popularity among airlines. The slight edge in efficiency and operational costs has made the LEAP-1A the preferred choice for many A320neo operators, although the PW1100G-JM continues to maintain significant market share. Certification Status and Market Developments As of mid-2025, only the Boeing 737 MAX 8 and MAX 9 variants have received FAA type certification, with the MAX 7 and MAX 10 still pending approval. Meanwhile, Airbus is reportedly progressing on the development of a next-generation single-aisle aircraft intended to eventually succeed the A320 family, underscoring ongoing innovation within the sector. Both manufacturers face emerging challenges from new entrants and evolving market dynamics. Innovative designs such as the Natilus Horizon blended-wing-body airliner could introduce alternative configurations that reshape the competitive landscape. Airlines are also increasingly factoring in maintenance costs and exploring new engine leasing models, exemplified by recent partnerships like that between Air France Industries KLM Engineering & Maintenance and AerCap. Additionally, China’s Comac C919 offers a comparable product, though its market penetration remains limited. External influences may also affect the competitive balance. Boeing’s involvement in high-profile projects such as NASA’s Artemis program could impact its corporate focus and stock performance, indirectly influencing its position relative to Airbus. While the Airbus A320neo’s LEAP-1A engine currently holds a slight advantage in fuel efficiency, the competition between these narrowbody aircraft remains close. Ongoing technological advancements and strategic market developments will continue to shape the future trajectory of this critical segment in commercial aviation.

Tonga Grounds Lulutai Airlines Over Maintenance Breaches Tonga’s Civil Aviation Division has suspended the Part 145 maintenance certificate of Lulutai Airlines, effectively grounding all of the airline’s in-house flight operations until at least July 25, 2025. This decisive action follows a regulatory audit that revealed breaches of Civil Aviation Rules, though specific details of the violations were not disclosed in the statement issued on July 18. The suspension will remain in place until Lulutai Airlines implements the necessary corrective measures, prohibiting the carrier from performing any line or heavy maintenance on its fleet. Impact on Operations and Passengers As a direct consequence of the suspension, both of Lulutai’s aircraft—the Y12 A3-SPV and the DHC-6-300 A3-KLT—have been grounded and remain parked at Tongatapu, according to Flightradar24 data. The airline has been compelled to halt services to several remote islands, including Eua, Ha'apai, Niuafo'ou, and Niuatoputapu. This disruption has left dozens of passengers stranded, with local reports indicating that at least 70 individuals, among them Tourism Minister Mo'ale Finau, are unable to depart from Ha'apai. Foreign tourists are also affected, unable to travel from Tongatapu to resorts on other islands. While Lulutai Airlines continues to operate the Tongatapu-Vava'u route, it does so using a damp-leased Saab 340B aircraft from New Zealand’s Air Chathams. However, operational limitations and the short runways at other destinations prevent this 34-seater from servicing the full network, further exacerbating the disruption to domestic air travel. Broader Industry Context and Implications The grounding of Lulutai Airlines highlights wider challenges confronting the aviation sector both regionally and globally. Airlines worldwide are contending with aircraft shortages, maintenance backlogs, and disruptions in air traffic management systems. Recent high-profile incidents, such as the temporary grounding of Alaska Airlines and increasing cybersecurity threats, have intensified scrutiny on airline safety and operational resilience. In Tonga, the suspension has raised significant concerns regarding passenger safety and the reliability of domestic air services, with potential repercussions for travel plans and the reputation of local carriers. Competitors in the region may respond by enhancing their own maintenance protocols and seeking to capitalize on Lulutai’s absence to expand market share. The timing of the suspension is particularly critical for Lulutai Airlines, which has reportedly been on the verge of securing new investment to address its financial difficulties. As the suspension remains in effect, attention is focused on regulatory oversight and the urgent need to strengthen maintenance and operational infrastructure to restore confidence in Tonga’s domestic aviation services.

Air India Completes Fuel Switch Inspection, Finds No Issues Air India has concluded precautionary inspections of the Fuel Control Switch (FCS) locking mechanisms across its entire fleet of Boeing 787 and Boeing 737 aircraft, reporting no faults. These inspections, which also encompassed the Boeing 737s operated by its low-cost subsidiary Air India Express, were carried out in response to a directive from the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA). The order followed a recent fatal crash involving a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner. Regulatory Response to the Ahmedabad Crash The DGCA mandated that all Indian carriers complete inspections of the fuel switch locking systems on their Boeing 787 and 737 aircraft by July 21. This directive came after preliminary findings from the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) indicated that the fuel switches had been cut off prior to the Air India crash last month. On June 12, Air India flight AI 171, a Boeing 787-8, crashed shortly after takeoff from Ahmedabad en route to London Gatwick, resulting in the deaths of 241 of the 242 people onboard, as well as 19 fatalities on the ground. Air India stated on Tuesday that no issues were found with the locking mechanisms during the inspections. The airline also noted that it had voluntarily initiated these checks on July 12, ahead of the regulator’s deadline, and completed them within the prescribed timeframe. Technical Concerns and Broader Industry Impact The fuel control switches are critical components that regulate the flow of fuel to the aircraft engines. According to the AAIB’s preliminary report, fuel supply to both engines was cut off within one second, causing confusion in the cockpit. Cockpit voice recordings revealed one pilot questioning the other about the fuel cutoff, with both denying responsibility. The scrutiny of Boeing aircraft safety has extended beyond India. South Korean aviation authorities have also ordered inspections of fuel switches on Boeing jets following the crash. Meanwhile, Germany’s Lufthansa Group conducted re-inspections of its Boeing 787 fleet and similarly reported no faults. These findings, alongside Air India’s results, may help to alleviate some concerns regarding the safety of Boeing aircraft, although market reactions and competitor responses remain uncertain. Fleet Composition and Historical Context Several other Indian carriers, including IndiGo, SpiceJet, and Akasa Air, operate Boeing 737 and 787 aircraft. Indian airlines collectively operate over 150 Boeing 737 and 787 jets. Air India’s fleet includes 33 wide-body Boeing 787s, while Air India Express operates approximately 75 narrow-body Boeing 737s. IndiGo’s fleet features seven Boeing 737 MAX 8 and one Boeing 787-9, with Akasa Air and SpiceJet also maintaining Boeing 737 aircraft. Concerns regarding the FCS locking mechanism are not new. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) first identified potential disengagement issues in 2018 affecting certain Boeing models, including the 787 and 737. With the completion of these inspections and no issues detected, Air India and its subsidiary have fulfilled regulatory requirements and sought to reassure passengers and stakeholders about the safety of their Boeing fleets.

Senators Question Delta Air Lines on AI-Driven Pricing Strategy Senators have expressed significant concerns regarding Delta Air Lines’ newly introduced artificial intelligence-based pricing model, which seeks to tailor ticket prices according to individual user data. On Monday, Senators Ruben Gallego of Arizona, Mark Warner of Virginia, and Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut jointly addressed a letter to Delta, requesting detailed clarification on the types of data the airline intends to utilize and the extent of its AI implementation. Privacy and Pricing Concerns The senators highlighted that Delta’s current and proposed individualized pricing methods raise serious data privacy issues. They also warned that this approach could result in fare increases calibrated to each consumer’s personal financial threshold, a troubling prospect amid the ongoing economic pressures faced by many American families. Their letter emphasized the potential for AI-driven pricing to exacerbate affordability challenges at a time when household budgets are already strained. Delta’s president, Glen Hauenstein, recently informed investors that the airline plans to expand its AI-based pricing to cover 20% of its domestic routes by the end of the year, a significant increase from the current 3%. The airline initially unveiled this AI pricing initiative at an investor event last November, describing it as a comprehensive overhaul of its pricing methodology. Hauenstein noted in July that the company remains in an intensive testing phase and has been encouraged by preliminary outcomes. Industry Implications and Company Response While dynamic pricing—adjusting fares based on demand, timing, and booking channels—has long been standard practice in the airline industry, the application of AI to personalize prices at the individual level has raised concerns about potential price discrimination. Lawmakers fear that AI algorithms could identify each traveler’s maximum willingness to pay, thereby driving fares higher for certain customers. Delta has responded by asserting that its dynamic pricing model does not incorporate personal information. A company spokesperson told Business Insider that the airline’s approach explicitly avoids using individual personal data to determine fares. As Delta continues to develop and test its AI pricing strategy, the broader market’s reaction and competitors’ responses remain uncertain. The airline’s initiative is still in its experimental stages, and the potential impact of widespread AI-driven individualized pricing on the industry and consumer costs has yet to be fully understood. The senators’ inquiry reflects increasing scrutiny over the use of artificial intelligence in consumer markets, particularly regarding transparency, fairness, and data privacy. Delta has not issued a public response to the senators’ letter at this time.

Aviation Capital Group Delivers A321neo to Sunclass Airlines Amid Market Challenges Aviation Capital Group LLC (ACG), a prominent global aircraft asset manager, has completed the delivery of a new Airbus A321neo to Sunclass Airlines. The aircraft, powered by CFM International LEAP-1A engines, was supplied from ACG’s order book with Airbus and is expected to play a pivotal role in Sunclass Airlines’ ongoing fleet modernization strategy. Strengthening Partnerships and Sustainability Commitments Marine Benoit, Vice President of Marketing at ACG, expressed satisfaction in deepening the company’s collaboration with Sunclass Airlines through this delivery. She highlighted the aircraft’s fuel efficiency as a key factor supporting the airline’s modernization efforts. Valdemar Warburg, Chief Executive Officer of Sunclass Airlines, underscored the alignment of the A321neo with the airline’s sustainability objectives. Warburg noted that the aircraft’s exceptional fuel efficiency and extended range will contribute significantly to reducing emissions and expanding the airline’s route network, thereby enhancing the overall travel experience for passengers. He also acknowledged the professionalism of ACG in facilitating the airline’s fleet growth. Industry Context and Market Dynamics This delivery occurs amid ongoing supply chain challenges that continue to affect the aviation sector, contributing to a cautious market outlook. These complexities have been noted by aerospace industry leaders and reflected in recent analyses, including Jefferies’ report on the business jet market. Despite these obstacles, airlines remain committed to upgrading their fleets to achieve greater operational efficiency and sustainability. Competition for next-generation aircraft is intensifying globally. For instance, Hainan Airlines recently received its first A321neo, signaling a broader industry trend toward adopting more efficient aircraft models. Concurrently, major carriers such as Qatar Airways are expanding their partnerships with aftermarket service providers to optimize operational efficiency and support their growing fleets of advanced aircraft. About Aviation Capital Group Established in 1989 and now a wholly owned subsidiary of Tokyo Century Corporation, ACG manages a diverse portfolio of approximately 500 owned, managed, and committed aircraft as of March 31, 2025. These aircraft are leased to around 80 airlines across 45 countries. The company specializes in commercial aircraft leasing, asset management, and aircraft financing solutions tailored for third parties. For further details, visit www.aviationcapitalgroup.com.

Delta’s Use of AI in Fare Setting Raises Concerns in Washington Delta Air Lines’ recent implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) to determine airfares has sparked concern among lawmakers and consumer advocacy groups in Washington. The primary apprehension centers on the technology’s capacity to individualize pricing, potentially resulting in higher costs for certain travelers. Expansion of AI-Driven Pricing Earlier this month, Delta announced it had initiated testing of AI-based pricing on approximately 3% of its domestic fares, with intentions to increase this to as much as 20% by the end of the year. The airline began exploring AI applications for pricing and reservations in 2023, and company executives have described the initial outcomes as encouraging. Delta President Glen Hauenstein emphasized during a recent analyst call that the airline is proceeding cautiously. “We’re in a heavy testing phase. We like what we see,” he stated. “We like it a lot, and we’re continuing to roll it out, but we’re going to take our time and make sure that the rollout is successful as opposed to trying to rush it and risk that there are unwanted answers in there.” Industry Implications and Regulatory Concerns Delta’s adoption of AI-powered dynamic pricing reflects a broader trend within the airline industry toward leveraging advanced technologies to optimize revenue and adapt to fluctuating market conditions. However, the individualized nature of AI pricing—where algorithms adjust fares based on factors such as customer behavior and demand—has raised significant questions about transparency and fairness. Critics argue that such systems could result in passengers paying different prices for the same flight, depending on how the algorithms evaluate their willingness to pay. Lawmakers and consumer advocates have expressed concern that this approach may disadvantage certain travelers and undermine equitable access to air travel. Furthermore, the expansion of AI in fare setting is prompting scrutiny regarding how competitors might respond and what the wider implications could be for market dynamics. As Delta continues its phased rollout, industry observers remain attentive to the potential consumer impact and the possibility of regulatory intervention to safeguard fair treatment across the sector.

Auguste Bajorunaite’s Journey from Flight Attendant to Aircraft Maintenance Expert From Cabin Crew to Aviation Enthusiast Auguste Bajorunaite’s career trajectory in aviation is a compelling narrative of transformation and dedication. Initially embarking on her professional journey as a flight attendant, she embraced the opportunity to travel extensively and immerse herself in diverse cultures. This exposure ignited a profound passion for the aviation industry, which ultimately propelled her beyond the realm of customer service. Today, Bajorunaite holds the position of senior sales manager at FL Technics, a leading global aircraft maintenance provider operating under the Avia Solutions Group. In this capacity, she oversees complex maintenance operations that are essential to ensuring the safety and reliability of commercial flights. Her entry into aviation was unplanned rather than a lifelong ambition. Bajorunaite recounts, “I spotted a job posting from Emirates for flight attendants. I was intrigued, took the chance, and started flying all over the world. That’s when I truly fell in love with aviation.” Motivated by her experiences in the skies, she pursued a degree in aviation management at Kazimieras Simonavicius University, leveraging flexible remote learning options to balance education with her evolving career. Navigating the Technical Shift Transitioning from a customer-facing role to the technical domain of aircraft maintenance presented significant challenges. Bajorunaite had to undertake specialized training and develop a deep understanding of the precision and expertise required in this highly technical field. She reflects on this shift: “From the cabin aisle, aviation seems magical: travel, people, amazing experiences. But working at FL Technics introduced me to the engineering side of the industry—a world full of responsibility and intricate details that usually stay hidden as long as everything runs smoothly.” This new vantage point enhanced her appreciation for the critical work performed behind the scenes, underscoring the indispensable role of maintenance professionals in keeping aircraft operational and safe. Despite the demands of her current role, Bajorunaite admits to occasionally missing the excitement and cultural encounters of her flight attendant days. “I definitely miss discovering new countries and experiencing different cultures. Over five years as a flight attendant, I met countless fascinating people,” she says. Nevertheless, she finds great satisfaction in her present position, where her unique combination of customer service experience and technical acumen distinguishes her within the industry. This interdisciplinary expertise is increasingly valued as airlines seek professionals capable of bridging operational and maintenance functions amid a growing demand for skilled experts. Personal Insights and Industry Implications Among the many airports she has visited, Bajorunaite holds a special fondness for Koh Samui Airport in Thailand. She describes it as “completely unlike any other airport—open-air, no typical airport vibe. Everything moves at a slower, more natural pace. The best part? You can literally sit on the grass and watch planes take off and land right up close.” When asked about her favorite aircraft component, she identifies the engine, marveling at “how countless complex parts and technologies work together to generate the tremendous force needed to lift a massive aircraft into the sky.” Bajorunaite’s professional evolution reflects broader trends within the aviation sector, where the demand for maintenance expertise is intensifying. Her journey illustrates the opportunities available to individuals willing to adapt and expand their skill sets. Moreover, it highlights the industry’s growing recognition of the value brought by professionals with diverse backgrounds, capable of enhancing maintenance capabilities through cross-disciplinary knowledge in an increasingly complex and dynamic environment.

Volaris Reports $63 Million Net Loss Amid Declining Revenues and Margins Volaris has announced a net loss of $63 million for the most recent quarter, equating to a loss of $0.55 per American Depositary Share (ADS). The airline is contending with significant pressures on both revenue and profit margins. Total operating revenues declined by 5% year-over-year, falling to $693 million, primarily driven by weaker unit revenues. Despite a 9% increase in capacity, with available seat miles (ASMs) reaching 8.9 billion, revenue per available seat mile (TRASM) dropped 12% to $7.80. Operating expenses rose to $715 million, up from $660 million in the same quarter last year. Although total operating expenses per available seat mile (CASM) remained stable at $8.05, non-fuel costs exerted upward pressure, with CASM excluding fuel increasing by 7% to $5.69. The airline did benefit from a 14% reduction in average economic fuel costs, which decreased to $2.46 per gallon. Earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, amortization, and rent (EBITDAR) fell by 26% to $194 million, with the EBITDAR margin contracting by eight percentage points to 27.9%. This decline signals a notable reduction in operational profitability. Volaris closed the quarter with $788 million in total cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments, representing 26% of its total operating revenue over the past twelve months. The company’s net debt-to-LTM EBITDAR ratio increased slightly to 2.9x from 2.7x in the previous quarter, reflecting a modest rise in leverage amid ongoing cost and revenue challenges. Market Implications and Strategic Outlook The reported net loss and shrinking margins may place Volaris’s market position under strain, potentially inviting intensified competition from other low-cost carriers such as Interjet. This financial performance could trigger a decline in Volaris’s stock price, while competitors might capitalize on the opportunity to expand their market share through more aggressive pricing strategies. The current financial pressures may also compel Volaris to reevaluate its operational costs and explore new revenue streams to sustain competitiveness. Despite these challenges, Volaris’s leadership maintains a cautiously optimistic outlook. President and CEO Enrique Beltranena emphasized the company’s confidence in its strategic approach, stating, “With improved visibility into second-half demand drivers and ongoing capacity discipline, we are reinstating our full-year guidance for EBITDAR margin, which we now expect in the range of 32% to 33%. Despite external geopolitical headwinds, our flexible business model and resilient cost structure enable us to moderate growth, remaining prudent and aligned with market trends. Going forward, our capacity decisions will remain anchored in two guiding priorities – customer demand and sustained profitability, and we continue to see meaningful opportunities in our business model and our markets to generate long-term value.” As Volaris navigates heightened competition and financial headwinds, its capacity to adapt operational strategies and leverage market opportunities will be crucial to maintaining long-term growth and profitability.

ITP Aero Secures Five-Year Exclusive MRO Agreement with Summit Helicopters Strengthening Helicopter Engine Support Capabilities ITP Aero has entered into a five-year exclusive maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) agreement with Summit Helicopters, reinforcing its position within the helicopter engine support market. Under this partnership, ITP Aero will deliver comprehensive MRO services for Pratt & Whitney Canada PW206 and PW207 engines. All maintenance activities will be carried out at ITP Aero’s state-of-the-art facility located in Albacete, Spain. Summit Helicopters, based in Salem, Virginia, is a recognized Bell Customer Service Facility and an MD Helicopters Approved Service Center. This agreement highlights the mutual commitment of both companies to provide high-quality engine support for operators of the PW200 engine family, which powers a significant number of light twin-engine helicopters globally. Partnership Benefits and Industry Implications John Milko, Global Business Director at Summit Helicopters, emphasized the advantages this collaboration will bring to customers, including enhanced reliability, reduced turnaround times, and improved cost efficiency. Milko noted that the partnership aims to deliver tangible value, allowing operators to focus on safe and efficient flight operations without the disruptions typically associated with maintenance. From ITP Aero’s perspective, Pablo Fuentes, Director of Small Commercial Engines MRO Programmes, underscored the company’s commitment to supporting Summit Helicopters’ operational performance and deepening their collaborative efforts. The alliance is expected to improve fleet readiness and optimize long-term operational costs for Summit’s customers. Challenges and Competitive Landscape The exclusivity of the agreement presents certain challenges for ITP Aero. To maintain sole responsibility for Summit Helicopters’ MRO requirements over the five-year term, the company must consistently demonstrate high performance and innovation. This is particularly critical as competition among MRO providers intensifies and new engine technologies emerge. Industry analysts suggest that market responses will depend on how effectively ITP Aero aligns its capabilities with Summit’s growth and the increasing demand for MRO services. Competitors may seek to expand their own MRO capacities or establish strategic partnerships to rival ITP Aero’s offerings. The broader industry trend indicates a growing necessity for expanded MRO networks and advanced technological solutions to support the rising number of engines in service, factors that will likely influence competitive dynamics in the sector. As the partnership progresses, both ITP Aero and Summit Helicopters aim to establish a new benchmark in engine support, prioritizing reliability, efficiency, and value for helicopter operators worldwide.