Ryanair Expands AI Capabilities Using Google Cloud

American Airlines Faces Criticism Over Removal of Passengers from Reachable Connecting Flights American Airlines has come under increasing scrutiny as passengers report being removed from connecting flights they were still able to board. This practice, driven by the airline’s automated rebooking systems, has generated significant frustration and raised questions about compliance with federal regulations governing denied boarding compensation. Regulatory Framework and Passenger Rights Under Department of Transportation (DOT) rules, passengers who are involuntarily denied boarding despite having checked in on time, holding a confirmed seat and boarding pass, and arriving at the gate at least 15 minutes before departure, may be entitled to compensation. According to industry sources such as View From The Wing, if a passenger’s final arrival is delayed by more than two hours due to denied boarding, compensation can amount to up to 400% of the one-way fare, capped at $2,150. Airlines are required to provide this compensation at the airport on the day of the incident, or within 24 hours if alternative transportation is arranged too quickly for immediate payment. Impact of Automated Rebooking and Operational Challenges The airline’s increasing reliance on automated rebooking has become a focal point of passenger dissatisfaction. Many travelers report being removed from flights without their consent, even when they could have made their connections. This loss of control over travel plans has left passengers scrambling to find alternatives, exacerbating frustration and eroding trust in the carrier’s service. These operational difficulties come at a critical juncture for American Airlines, which is striving to close a $3 billion profit gap. CEO Robert Isom has emphasized the importance of maintaining high-touch service levels to achieve this goal. However, the current issues with automated rebooking risk undermining customer satisfaction and complicating efforts to enhance profitability. Market Reactions and Industry Implications The negative publicity surrounding these incidents has raised concerns about American Airlines’ reliability. Competitors have capitalized on the situation, promoting their own services as more dependable alternatives. In an intensely competitive industry, how American Airlines manages these challenges could have significant repercussions for its reputation and financial performance. Passengers affected by these practices are advised to familiarize themselves with their rights under DOT regulations and to assert their entitlement to compensation when applicable. As American Airlines continues to address these operational issues, the tension between efficiency and customer service remains a critical area of focus.

Boeing Scraps Early 777X Jet Amid Persistent Program Challenges Boeing has officially dismantled WH007, the seventh 777-9 aircraft produced under its protracted 777X program, choosing not to complete the partially assembled jet. This decision, confirmed by Boeing Commercial Airplanes CEO Stephanie Pope ahead of the 2026 Farnborough Airshow, underscores the ongoing difficulties the company faces with design modifications and certification delays. Pope revealed that the choice to scrap WH007 was made some time ago and has already been incorporated into Boeing’s financial reporting. The scrapping of WH007 symbolizes the broader challenges confronting Boeing’s 777X initiative. The company has included the abandoned aircraft in the $15 billion of accounting charges associated with the program, highlighting the extensive rework and redesign efforts necessary to bring the new widebody aircraft to market. Boeing stated that WH007 was dismantled following industry best practices for recycling, and no other early 777X airframes have been scrapped to date. Rationale Behind Abandoning WH007 Boeing anticipated that its earliest 777X jets would require substantial modifications as the aircraft’s design and certification requirements evolved. This process, known as “change incorporation,” involves applying updates tailored to each aircraft depending on its stage of assembly. CEO Stephanie Pope explained that Boeing continuously evaluates the cost of implementing these changes against the value and capabilities of the finished product, as well as customer expectations. While some early jets remain viable candidates for rework, WH007 was ultimately judged not worth completing. The rework process is currently underway at Boeing’s Everett, Washington facility, managed by a dedicated team separate from the standard 777X production line. CEO Kelly Ortberg has indicated that approximately 30 aircraft will undergo this extensive rework, a process expected to span several years. Delays, Financial Impact, and Market Response The 777X program has been plagued by delays and escalating costs. Boeing recorded a $4.9 billion pretax charge related to the program in October 2025, with the anticipated first delivery date slipping from an initial target of 2020 to 2027—a delay of seven years. As of July 2026, the 777-9 test fleet had accumulated over 4,800 flight hours and 1,700 flights, with roughly half of the planned certification testing completed. Although most Type Inspection Authorizations have been granted, several critical approvals remain outstanding. Market reactions to these setbacks have been mixed. Emirates, a key customer, remains committed to the 777X despite rejecting the initial batch of jets due to the high costs and complexity of retrofitting. Competitors have largely responded with speculation, but the situation highlights the significant rework and design challenges Boeing must overcome before the aircraft can enter service. Environmental Promises and Contradictions Boeing has positioned the 777X as a major advancement in efficiency, promoting a 20% reduction in fuel consumption and emissions compared to previous models, alongside a 40% smaller noise footprint. These environmental benefits are largely attributed to innovations such as a high-span composite wing, folding wingtips, and new engine technology. However, WH007 will never realize these advantages. While recycling the airframe may recover some material value, it cannot compensate for the labor, components, and resources already expended, nor can it deliver the decades of improved efficiency originally anticipated. The dismantling of WH007 provides a concrete example of the technical, financial, and environmental challenges Boeing continues to face as it strives to bring the 777X to market.

Il-114-300 Enters Series Production with Initial Deliveries Underway Russia has commenced the first deliveries of its new regional aircraft, the Il-114-300, marking a pivotal advancement in the nation’s civil aviation sector. This development was announced on August 12 by First Deputy Prime Minister Denis Manturov during a session at the National Center "Russia." Manturov highlighted the strategic significance of establishing a modern domestic fleet, underscoring that the program has now transitioned from development to practical implementation. The Il-114-300 represents the first aircraft in a new generation of Russian civil aviation to move from certification to active service. After receiving its type certificate in June 2026, the aircraft is currently being leased to the 2nd Arkhangelsk Air Detachment, with initial agreements covering three units. Designed to accommodate up to 66 passengers, the Il-114-300 is optimized for regional routes and is capable of operating from airfields with limited infrastructure and short runways, addressing a critical need in Russia’s vast and often remote regions. United Aircraft Corporation (OAK) anticipates annual production volumes ranging from six to twelve aircraft, contingent on market demand. However, the transition to full series production presents challenges. The Il-114-300 is scheduled to undergo high-temperature testing aimed at expanding its operational capabilities, a process that may uncover unforeseen technical issues. Furthermore, airlines may adopt a cautious stance toward the new model due to its recent certification, potentially influencing initial market acceptance. Tu-214 Prepared for Mass Production Amidst Growing Competition As the Il-114-300 enters service, the competitive landscape within Russian civil aviation is intensifying. Rival manufacturers are expected to bolster efforts to promote their turboprop and twinjet models, including the Tu-214 and MC-21-310, in an effort to maintain market share. Manturov confirmed that the Tu-214 is now ready for mass production, signaling a forthcoming increase in availability and potential competitive pricing. Airlines are likely to respond with targeted fleet acquisitions, seeking reliable and cost-effective options to meet diverse route requirements. Simultaneously, the MC-21 and Superjet programs are approaching the final stages of their testing and certification processes. Collectively, these aircraft are poised to offer Russian carriers a comprehensive fleet lineup, spanning regional to medium-haul operations. As Russia advances its civil aviation ambitions, the performance and market reception of the Il-114-300 and its counterparts will be closely watched in the coming months, amid a rapidly evolving and competitive environment.

The Industry Supporting Aircraft Operations in the UAE The United Arab Emirates’ aviation sector is widely recognized for its bustling airports, world-class airlines, and impressive fleets of wide-body aircraft. However, beneath the visible surface of passenger travel lies a sophisticated and vital network of engineers, component suppliers, maintenance specialists, and technical-service providers who ensure that aircraft remain operational and safe. This often-overlooked segment plays a crucial role in sustaining the region’s aviation ecosystem. Growing Importance of Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul Historically, aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) activities have received less public attention compared to new aircraft orders or airport expansions. Yet, recent industry dynamics have elevated the aftermarket sector’s significance. Persistent delays in aircraft deliveries, ongoing supply chain pressures, and a surge in air travel demand have compelled airlines to extend the service life of their existing fleets. With manufacturers facing a backlog exceeding 18,000 undelivered commercial aircraft, the demand for maintenance, replacement parts, and technical support has intensified. This evolving landscape presents a substantial opportunity for the UAE. The country’s airlines, airports, logistics infrastructure, and global connectivity collectively position it as a potential hub for aerospace services. Emirates, for example, is investing heavily in this area, currently constructing a $5.1 billion engineering complex at Dubai South. This facility is designed to accommodate 28 wide-body aircraft and will feature specialized workshops for engines, landing gear, and components. In response to ongoing production bottlenecks, Emirates is also encouraging supply chain manufacturers to establish operations in Dubai, aiming to reduce disruptions and maintain a steady flow of parts. Expanding Specialist Capabilities and Industry Challenges Specialist providers form an integral part of the UAE’s aviation support ecosystem. Aerospace Technical Services Co. Ltd. (ATS), under the leadership of CEO Mahdi Al-Tahaineh, offers comprehensive support to aircraft owners and operators, including component sourcing, technical coordination, repair management, and rapid aircraft-on-ground (AOG) response. Al-Tahaineh emphasizes the critical need for partners who can respond swiftly without compromising aviation’s stringent safety standards. ATS has recently enhanced its regulatory credentials by securing Part 145 certification from the Bermuda Civil Aviation Authority, complementing existing approvals in the EU, Guernsey, Turkmenistan, and Jordan. The company has also signed line-maintenance agreements with Ethiopian Airlines and AJet, further expanding its regional footprint. The UAE is simultaneously deepening its specialist capabilities. Abu Dhabi-based Sanad is expanding its facilities to provide full overhaul and testing services for CFM LEAP engines, thereby reducing dependence on overseas maintenance providers. Etihad Engineering operates one of the Middle East’s largest commercial aircraft maintenance centers, offering a broad range of services including heavy maintenance, modifications, component servicing, and aircraft transitions. Despite these advancements, the sector faces notable challenges. Regional disruptions in early 2026 affected providers such as DAE Engineering, underscoring the need for resilient and adaptable operations. Competitors in the region are also adjusting their strategies; SunExpress has shifted its focus toward sustainable growth following initial market setbacks linked to the Iran conflict, while Jazeera Airlines has recovered from conflict-related losses, reporting a net profit in the first half of the year. Regulatory Environment and Strategic Positioning Regulatory developments are further shaping the UAE’s aviation services landscape. In July 2026, the country’s antitrust regime introduced new market definition guidelines that impact merger control and competition law. These changes influence how industry players structure partnerships and pursue growth strategies, adding a layer of complexity to the sector’s evolution. The UAE’s aviation services industry operates within a highly globalized framework, where components may be manufactured in one country, repaired in another, and installed on aircraft operating from the Gulf. Leveraging its strategic geographic location, robust connectivity, and expanding infrastructure, the UAE is well positioned to emerge as a regional center for aircraft operations and support. This trajectory unfolds amid ongoing market and regulatory shifts that will continue to shape the sector’s future.

Ontario Invests in AirSuite to Enhance Aviation Ground Operations The Ontario Vehicle Innovation Network (OVIN) RCD Partnership Fund has awarded funding to AirSuite as part of the province’s initiative to advance next-generation mobility technologies. The project, with a total investment exceeding $383,000—including $100,000 from OVIN and over $283,000 contributed by AirSuite and Wisk Air Helicopters—seeks to modernize aviation ground operations through digital innovation. Addressing Operational Gaps Through Digital Integration In collaboration with Wisk Air Helicopters, a Thunder Bay-based operator with four decades of experience in mining, forestry, emergency response, and wildfire suppression, AirSuite will develop a new Ground Management System (GMS) integrated within its Cirro aviation operations software. This initiative targets a persistent challenge in the aviation industry: the lack of cohesive digital coordination between air and ground operations. While pilots and flight operations increasingly utilize advanced software, many ground activities—including fueling, vehicle maintenance, crew scheduling, equipment readiness, and safety reporting—remain reliant on manual or disconnected processes. AirSuite’s Ground Management Module aims to consolidate these functions into a unified platform, thereby improving operational visibility, regulatory compliance, efficiency, and communication between air and ground personnel. By enabling real-time data sharing, the system ensures that both flight and ground teams have access to consistent and critical information. This integration is expected to reduce miscommunication and enhance coordination across remote transportation, ground fleet management, and both helicopter and fixed-wing operations. Wisk Air Helicopters will provide operational expertise, testing environments, and real-world validation to ensure the technology aligns with the practical demands of daily helicopter operations. Challenges and Industry Context The project faces several potential obstacles. Integrating the new system with existing infrastructure may present technical complexities, while the costs associated with deploying advanced technology could deter some operators. Additionally, resistance may arise from ground operations staff accustomed to traditional workflows. Market responses are anticipated to be mixed, with some stakeholders expressing skepticism regarding the technology’s effectiveness. Competitors may also accelerate their own digital initiatives to maintain market position. This development occurs within a broader industry trend toward automation and digital integration, exemplified by Volatus Aerospace’s recent partnership with Singular Aircraft to deploy autonomous aircraft for wildfire response in Canada. Such advancements are reshaping emergency management strategies and influencing competitive dynamics within the aviation sector. Supporting Regional Innovation and Economic Growth Despite these challenges, AirSuite’s project is poised to advance Ontario’s aviation technology sector by promoting safer and more efficient operations. The initiative supports economic growth, skilled employment, and the development of cybersecure technologies in Northern Ontario. It also reinforces the region’s emergence as a hub for aerospace innovation, fostering collaboration between software developers and aviation operators to address operational challenges. Michael Kleywegt, CEO of AirSuite, emphasized the significance of the project, stating, “One of the biggest gaps in aviation technology today is the disconnect between what happens in the air and what happens on the ground. By bringing ground operations into the same digital environment as flight operations, we’re creating a shared operational picture that helps operators make faster, better-informed decisions.”

PD-8 Engine Moves Beyond Paper Design The PD-8 engine has advanced significantly, transitioning from test programs and technical documentation to real-world application. Russian engine manufacturer ODK-Saturn has delivered the first two production units to its customer, marking the official commencement of serial production for this new power plant. This milestone was confirmed by Ilya Konyukhov, head of ODK-Saturn, who announced that full-scale manufacturing of the PD-8 has now begun to support Russia’s next-generation regional aircraft. Strategic Importance and Industry Implications Konyukhov highlighted the PD-8’s critical role in the SJ-100 program, emphasizing that the engine is now entirely Russian-made and import-substituted, having secured its type certificate. This achievement represents a significant step toward strengthening Russia’s aviation industry and reducing dependence on foreign technology. The PD-8’s development aligns with broader national efforts to enhance technological sovereignty in aerospace manufacturing. Despite this progress, concerns have been raised regarding the accelerated development timeline. Alexander Yavkin, chief designer of the Be-200 amphibious aircraft, warned that the rapid pace could increase the risk of power plant failures. Former Airbus auditor Andrey Patrakov specifically identified the engine’s hot section as the most vulnerable component, underscoring the necessity for rigorous testing and stringent quality assurance measures to ensure reliability and safety. Broader Technological and Market Context The PD-8’s evolution from concept to production reflects wider trends in science and engineering, where technological advancements are transforming traditional development processes. Similar to shifts observed in software development, the integration of advanced technologies—including artificial intelligence—is reshaping labor dynamics by enhancing efficiency and reducing workforce requirements. In his recent outlook, "The Year Ahead 2026," Bill Gates noted that AI capabilities are increasing the productivity of software developers, leading to greater demand elasticity and altering workforce structures. In response to these shifts, competitors in the aviation and technology sectors are formulating more robust policies to manage market volatility and are investing in diverse simulation environments for training and development. The PD-8’s journey highlights the growing importance of process knowledge and skilled practitioners, even as automation and digital tools become increasingly prevalent. As the PD-8 engine enters serial production, its success will depend not only on technical innovation but also on the industry’s capacity to adapt to evolving market conditions and workforce demands. The engine’s progress encapsulates the challenges and opportunities confronting modern engineering, where balancing speed, safety, and expertise remains paramount.

Aviation Expert Confirms PD-8 Engine Meets Safety and Reliability Standards The Russian-manufactured PD-8 engine, developed within an accelerated timeframe as part of Russia’s import substitution initiative, has successfully passed all mandated safety and reliability evaluations, according to aviation expert Oleg Panteleev. Addressing concerns about potential compromises arising from the rapid development process, particularly regarding critical components such as the engine’s hot section and automatic control systems, Panteleev firmly rejected any suggestion that speed was prioritized over safety. “I do not believe that there was any compromise between development speed and safety during the development of the PD-8,” Panteleev stated in an interview with *Pervy Tekhnichesky*. He underscored that the engine has completed all necessary tests required for commercial certification without issue, dismissing doubts about the accelerated timeline affecting the engine’s integrity. Certification Milestones and Industry Implications In May, United Engine Corporation (ODK) announced the conclusion of the PD-8’s certification program, which involved over 6,500 hours of rigorous testing. These tests included both aircraft integration trials and bench evaluations, conducted under Russia’s most stringent certification standards. Subsequently, on June 5, 2026, Rosaviatsiya granted the PD-8 its type certificate, authorizing the commencement of serial production. While Andrey Patrakov, head of the flight safety service, acknowledged that the engine’s hot section remains the area of highest risk—a common challenge in contemporary jet engine design—the extensive testing regime appears to have effectively mitigated these concerns. The successful certification and absence of identified flaws have already begun to impact the aviation market. Industry analysts suggest that the PD-8’s proven reliability and performance could offer a significant competitive edge for its manufacturer. This development is expected to foster positive investor sentiment and stimulate demand among airlines and aircraft manufacturers seeking reliable alternatives amid evolving global supply chains. Competitors may respond by accelerating their own engine development efforts or upgrading existing models to match or exceed the PD-8’s demonstrated performance and dependability. The latest data indicates that the PD-8’s expedited development has not undermined its reliability, thereby reinforcing its market position. As the PD-8 advances toward serial production, its successful testing and certification represent a significant milestone for Russia’s aviation sector, with the potential to reshape the competitive dynamics of the regional jet engine market.

New Research Seeks to Improve Aircraft Engine Durability Gas turbine engines, which power the majority of commercial aircraft, operate under extreme conditions, frequently enduring temperatures exceeding 800 degrees Celsius. These harsh environments present significant challenges to both the durability and efficiency of engines, prompting ongoing research into innovative materials and technologies capable of withstanding such stress. Advancements in Protective Coatings At Concordia University’s Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, postdoctoral researcher Andre Mayer has been exploring methods to enhance the resilience of aircraft engines. His recent study, published in *Communications Materials*, investigates advanced coatings designed to improve engine performance under intense heat. Conducted at Concordia’s Thermal Spray and Surface Engineering Research Centre under the guidance of Pantcho Stoyanov, Mayer’s work benefited from technical support provided by Fadhel Ettouil, who assisted with specialized equipment. Mayer’s research centers on the formation of oxides—commonly perceived as corrosive rust—on engine components. Contrary to conventional views, he highlights that these oxides can form protective layers at high temperatures, preventing metal surfaces from adhering to one another during operation. He references NASA’s Galileo mission as a cautionary example, where the absence of such oxide layers contributed to mechanical components seizing in the vacuum of space. Challenges and Industry Response Despite the promise of these durability improvements, their implementation faces considerable challenges. New technologies must undergo rigorous testing to confirm their effectiveness and compatibility with existing aircraft fleets. The substantial costs associated with development and deployment further complicate adoption, necessitating broad collaboration across the aviation industry to ensure integration across diverse engine models. The sector is actively responding to the demand for more robust engines. Operators are increasingly seeking solutions that reduce maintenance expenses and minimize operational downtime, driving market interest in durability-enhancing innovations. In response, manufacturers are accelerating research and development efforts, forging strategic partnerships, and pursuing acquisitions to maintain competitive advantage. Notable industry milestones, such as CFM International’s certification of Leap 1B engine durability kits and ongoing improvements in high-pressure turbine and fuel nozzle reliability, underscore the commitment to addressing these challenges. As Mayer and his team continue their investigations, their findings hold the potential to influence the development of the next generation of aircraft engines, promising safer, more efficient, and longer-lasting performance in commercial aviation.

GA Telesis’ HALO AirFinance Prices $390 Million Inaugural Aviation Loan ABS Successful Launch of HALO AirFinance 2026-1 HALO AirFinance, a joint venture between GA Telesis, LLC and Tokyo Century Corporation, has successfully priced its inaugural aviation loan asset-backed securitization (ABS), HALO AirFinance 2026-1 (HALOAN 2026-1), raising $390.2 million. This transaction, which closed on August 6, 2026, represents a significant milestone for the HALO platform and a key component of the company’s broader growth strategy. The ABS issuance comprises four classes of fixed-rate secured notes, all rated by Kroll Bond Rating Agency (KBRA) and carrying a legal final maturity date of August 2041. The notes include $295.37 million of Class A Notes rated 'AA', $35.67 million of Class B Notes rated 'A', $28.62 million of Class C Notes rated 'BBB', and $30.54 million of Class D Notes rated 'BB-'. The offering was oversubscribed by more than four times, reflecting strong investor demand. Portfolio Composition and Market Context Proceeds from the offering were deployed to acquire a portfolio of 33 loans with an aggregate remaining balance of approximately $427.2 million and a weighted average remaining term of 3.6 years. The underlying collateral is diversified, consisting of 14 narrowbody aircraft, 2 widebody aircraft, 2 freighter aircraft, and 15 engines. These assets are operated by 21 airlines across 14 jurisdictions. The weighted average age of the aircraft, excluding engines, is approximately 15.6 years, consistent with GA Telesis’ expertise in managing mature aviation assets. Despite ongoing challenges in the global economic environment that have affected demand for aviation loans, HALO AirFinance’s debut ABS achieved the tightest spread for an AA-rated senior tranche from a first-time aviation loan ABS issuer. This outcome underscores robust investor confidence and validates the platform’s execution capabilities, placing HALO alongside established players in the sector. Strategic Significance and Industry Positioning Marc Cho, Co-Head and Managing Director of HALO, emphasized the importance of the transaction, noting that it marks a critical step in the company’s growth trajectory and demonstrates strong investor confidence amid volatile market conditions. Takamasa Marito, Co-Head of HALO and Managing Director of Tokyo Century, highlighted the strength of the joint venture’s platform and expressed commitment to delivering innovative financing solutions and returning to the capital markets. While competitor reactions have not been publicly detailed, HALO’s strategic focus on direct lending to airlines and lessors positions the joint venture competitively within the aviation finance landscape. Transaction Participants and Corporate Profiles Citi acted as the sole structuring agent and lead bookrunner for the transaction, with Mizuho and Citizens serving as joint bookrunners. Legal counsel was provided by Vedder Price for the issuer and Milbank for the underwriters. Phoenix American Financial Services, Inc. served as Managing Agent, and UMB Bank, NA was appointed Trustee. HALO AirFinance combines the strengths of GA Telesis and Tokyo Century to offer tailored lending solutions to airlines, lessors, and investors, covering a broad spectrum of aircraft and engine maturities. The platform benefits from GA Telesis’ extensive aerospace ecosystem and Tokyo Century’s global reach. GA Telesis is a global leader in aerospace solutions, specializing in aftermarket services and lifecycle management, with operations spanning 54 locations in 30 countries across six continents.

TP Aerospace Secures Long-Term Support Agreement with Ascend Airways Malaysia TP Aerospace has formalized a long-term partnership with Ascend Airways Malaysia to provide integrated wheels and brakes support for the airline’s fleet. This comprehensive service arrangement includes exchange services, on-site stock availability, and pool support, designed to ensure consistent parts supply for Ascend Airways Malaysia’s current operations and anticipated fleet growth. Enhancing Maintenance Efficiency and Regional Presence Under the terms of the agreement, Ascend Airways Malaysia will benefit from TP Aerospace’s extensive global supply chain and local maintenance capabilities, particularly through its Kuala Lumpur workshop. TP Aerospace anticipates that the collaboration will result in reduced turnaround times and more predictable maintenance costs for the airline. Additionally, the deal is expected to strengthen TP Aerospace’s presence in the competitive Asia-Pacific aerospace market. Challenges and Competitive Dynamics Despite the promising outlook, the partnership presents challenges, notably the need for TP Aerospace to maintain high standards of reliability and quality in its wheels and brakes support amid evolving cargo demands in the region. Industry analysts suggest that market responses will likely focus on how this alliance affects TP Aerospace’s competitive positioning relative to other aerospace suppliers. Competitors may seek to counterbalance this move by pursuing similar partnerships or enhancing their service offerings to safeguard their market share. For Ascend Airways Malaysia, the agreement represents a strategic effort to improve operational efficiency and support its growth objectives. However, the airline operates in a highly competitive environment dominated by established local carriers, making the effective utilization of this partnership critical to its long-term success. Both companies present the agreement as a significant advancement in operational excellence and regional expansion. Nonetheless, the evolving market conditions and competitive pressures will be crucial factors influencing the partnership’s trajectory.