Archer Selected as Official Air Taxi Partner for Los Angeles World Cup 2026 and Super Bowl LXI

Taiwan Advances Aviation Safety Through AI and Big Data Integration As Taiwan’s air travel sector approaches pre-pandemic activity levels, the Ministry of Transportation and Communications is intensifying efforts to enhance aviation safety by harnessing artificial intelligence (AI) and big data technologies. Between January and September, passenger traffic reached 42.86 million, representing approximately 96% of 2019 figures, with weekly flights nearing 2,863. Industry analysts, including Cathay Securities, project that the sector will exceed 2019 volumes by the end of the year, underscoring a robust recovery. Strategic Measures to Address Growing Air Traffic Transportation Minister Chen Shih-kai outlined a comprehensive three-pronged strategy to manage the surge in air travel. This approach focuses on strengthening regulatory frameworks, closely monitoring airline operational performance, and improving early warning systems. Chen emphasized that aviation safety remains a paramount concern, both as an industry imperative and a national priority, given Taiwan’s strategic role as a vital hub connecting Northeast and Southeast Asia. In alignment with International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) standards, Taiwan is committed to intensifying oversight by systematically tracking airline safety records and deploying AI and big data analytics to enhance risk prediction and incident prevention. The integration of these advanced technologies into existing safety systems, however, presents challenges. These include the need for substantial investment, specialized expertise, and robust data management capabilities. Additionally, ensuring regulatory compliance and maintaining alignment with global safety standards will require continuous attention. Industry Collaboration and Technological Implementation An air safety summit held in Taipei convened experts from the International Air Transport Association, Flight Safety Foundation, Airbus, Boeing, Beams, and former Eva Air pilots to discuss critical safety concerns. Key topics included runway excursion prevention, turbulence management, runway conflict mitigation, and the application of AI-driven safety management tools. AI technologies are already being deployed across airport and in-flight operations. At airports, AI expedites passenger clearance processes and helps prevent carry-on baggage overload. Facial and iris recognition systems are employed to streamline queue management, while AI-enabled boarding gate cameras monitor baggage volume to assist staff in managing storage capacity. In-flight, AI supports route optimization and enhances taxiing and landing procedures, contributing to improved safety outcomes. Market responses to Taiwan’s advancements in aviation safety have been favorable, with increased investor interest reflecting confidence in the sector’s modernization efforts. Competitors within the industry are anticipated to adopt similar initiatives to maintain competitiveness. The ultimate effectiveness of these measures will depend on the quality of AI models and the seamless integration of data systems. As Taiwan’s aviation sector continues its rapid recovery, the successful incorporation of AI and big data will be essential to uphold stringent safety standards and satisfy both regulatory and operational requirements. The government’s proactive stance signals a commitment not only to restoring but also to elevating the safety and efficiency of air travel throughout the region.

EHang VT35: First Pilotless Electric Flying Taxi Unveiled A New Chapter in Urban Air Mobility The concept of the flying car has long captured the imagination as a symbol of the future, alongside visions of robot butlers and futuristic meals. EHang, a pioneering Chinese company, has now brought this vision closer to reality with the unveiling of the VT35, a fully electric, pilotless flying taxi. Unlike traditional vehicles, the VT35 is designed to operate entirely autonomously, eliminating the need for a human pilot or steering controls. This innovative approach marks a significant departure from conventional personal transport, positioning the VT35 as a groundbreaking development in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology. Capabilities and Industry Impact The VT35 has attracted considerable attention due to its impressive range and potential for intercity travel, sparking optimism about its role in transforming urban and regional mobility. Industry experts have responded positively, highlighting the aircraft’s promise to reshape how people move within and between cities. However, despite the excitement, the VT35 remains in the testing phase, with critical challenges ahead. Regulatory approval and airworthiness certification are major hurdles that must be overcome before pilotless passenger flights can become a routine feature of urban airspace. Authorities will need to thoroughly evaluate the safety and reliability of such autonomous operations to ensure public confidence. Competitive Landscape and Future Prospects The advanced air mobility sector is rapidly evolving, with competitors such as Vertaxi, Volant, and XPeng AeroHT advancing their own eVTOL projects. As EHang progresses with the VT35, these rival companies are expected to intensify their development efforts, potentially accelerating innovation across the industry. While the VT35 may not yet fulfill the full promise of the flying car popularized in science fiction, it represents a bold step toward a new era of autonomous, electric flight and a glimpse of the future of transportation.

California Prohibits AI-Driven Hotel Pricing Amid Continued Airline Use of Algorithms New Legal Framework Targets Algorithmic Pricing in Hotels California has introduced stringent new regulations restricting the use of artificial intelligence in hotel pricing, imposing both criminal and civil liabilities for what it terms “shared pricing algorithms” and coercive pricing practices. This legislative action forms part of a wider state-level effort to address concerns over algorithmic price fixing and collusion in consumer markets. The amendments to California’s antitrust laws, encapsulated in Assembly Bill 325, explicitly ban hotels from employing AI tools that automatically adjust room rates based on competitor pricing data. Under the new law, hotels operating within California must ensure their revenue management systems do not simply replicate competitor rates to determine prices. Instead, they are required to maintain transparent audit trails that demonstrate independent pricing decisions and compliance with the statute. This regulatory shift is expected to have a profound impact on major hotel chains, particularly those such as Hilton and Hyatt, which utilize shared pricing platforms like iDeas. These systems often set rate floors and operate in autopilot modes, making compliance a complex challenge. To adhere to the law, hotels will need to revise contracts, modify revenue management software interfaces, and adjust default settings to allow for documented deviations from algorithmic recommendations. The legislation mandates explicit prompts for independent judgment and detailed logs of manual rate changes to prevent any inference of coercion or conspiracy. Online travel agencies (OTAs) also face increased scrutiny, as tools that recommend or pressure hotels to post specific rates or adjust inventory based on competitor data may be deemed coercive under the law’s broad definitions. Software vendors will be required to provide clear documentation of the data used and evidence of hotels’ autonomous pricing decisions. Airlines Continue AI Pricing Under Federal Protection In contrast to the hospitality sector, airlines remain unaffected by California’s restrictions due to federal preemption under the Airline Deregulation Act, which prohibits states from regulating airline pricing, routes, or services. Consequently, carriers such as Delta Air Lines continue to expand their use of AI in fare setting. Delta has announced plans for AI to price 20% of its tickets by the end of the year, a practice that, despite criticism, remains legal and widespread within the airline industry. This divergence in regulatory approaches underscores a growing divide between sectors. While airlines broadly embrace AI-driven pricing models based on aggregated data, the hotel industry in California must reconsider its strategies. A recent global study indicates that hotels are still in the experimental phase of AI adoption, and California’s new legislation may slow or fundamentally reshape this trajectory. Implications for Market Dynamics and Regulatory Challenges The enforcement of these new rules presents significant challenges for regulators, particularly in proving collusion or price fixing when AI algorithms operate without explicit agreements. Nevertheless, California’s decisive action is poised to drive substantial changes in hotel pricing practices, competitive dynamics, and market behavior—not only within the state but potentially influencing the broader hospitality industry nationwide.

Vice President to Lead Simulation and Training Initiatives at Aechelon Technology Aechelon Technology, Inc. has appointed Sebastien Loze as Vice President of Market Innovation & Ecosystems, a role in which he will report directly to Chief Strategy Officer Javier Castellar. Loze brings over twenty years of experience in high-fidelity simulation and real-time 3D technologies, having previously held senior leadership positions at Bohemia Interactive Simulations, a subsidiary of BAE Systems, and served as Unreal Engine Industry Director for Simulation at Epic Games. Expanding Capabilities in Virtual ISR and Synthetic Data In his new capacity, Loze will lead Aechelon’s efforts to broaden its expertise in virtual Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) as well as synthetic data generation for autonomous artificial intelligence systems. A key focus of these initiatives is Project Orbion, which integrates real-time satellite imagery, radar intelligence, photogrammetry, and advanced visualization techniques into a continuously updated, physics-accurate three-dimensional environment. This project is designed to enhance simulation fidelity and mission readiness through the application of AI-enabled digital twin technology. Chief Strategy Officer Javier Castellar emphasized the strategic importance of Loze’s appointment, stating, “Seb’s deep understanding of the needs of U.S., NATO, and allied defense forces, combined with Aechelon’s cutting-edge simulation and AI technologies, will further accelerate the uptake of Aechelon and Project Orbion.” Operational and Strategic Challenges Ahead As Loze assumes leadership of these initiatives, he will confront several operational and strategic challenges. Expanding simulation and training capabilities will necessitate addressing potential yield issues associated with new manufacturing lines and ensuring the efficient allocation of engineering resources. Additionally, financial risks remain, including the possibility of requiring further funding to sustain growth and innovation. Market analysts are expected to closely monitor Aechelon’s ability to maintain its momentum in innovation and expansion, especially as competition intensifies in sectors such as agricultural machinery, where simulation and AI-driven training tools are gaining prominence. Competitors may respond by accelerating their own advancements in training and simulation technologies, leveraging artificial intelligence to enhance their product offerings and preserve market share. Despite these challenges, Aechelon’s leadership remains confident that Loze’s expertise, combined with the company’s robust technological foundation, will enable it to advance next-generation simulation and training solutions for defense and allied markets.

Embry-Riddle Prepares Aviation Leaders for the AI Era Nearly a century after its establishment at Lunken Airport in Cincinnati, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University continues to lead in aviation education by preparing its students for the rapidly evolving landscape shaped by artificial intelligence (AI). With a global alumni network exceeding 160,000 and two primary residential campuses located in Daytona Beach, Florida, and Prescott, Arizona, the university has significantly expanded its international presence. Its Worldwide Campus enrolls nearly 20,000 students, offering a blend of online and in-person programs across more than 110 locations worldwide, including key regions in Asia and Europe. Faculty Leadership and Military Support At the heart of Embry-Riddle’s sustained success is its dedicated faculty, who serve not only as educators but also as mentors guiding students through complex industry challenges. Dr. Aaron Glassman, a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society and department chair at the Worldwide Campus, exemplifies this commitment. With over 16 years of service at Embry-Riddle, Glassman has held roles such as FAA Safety Team representative, Gold Seal Flight Instructor, and program chair for the Master of Science in Management. His current focus is on integrating AI and advanced management practices into the aviation curriculum, ensuring students are equipped for future industry demands. Embry-Riddle’s commitment extends beyond academics to robust support for military and veteran students. The university consistently ranks among the top institutions for veterans according to U.S. News & World Report. Glassman, who began his tenure teaching at the Norfolk Navy Base, highlights the institution’s military-friendly culture as a “point of pride.” This environment plays a crucial role in assisting service members as they transition into new careers within aviation and related fields. Embracing AI Amid Industry Transformation As the aviation sector undergoes profound technological transformation, Embry-Riddle is proactively embedding AI into its educational framework. Glassman emphasizes that while AI is currently a prominent topic, technology and cybersecurity have long been integral to aviation. This approach aligns with broader industry trends, as underscored at the World Aviation Festival 2025, where AI and digital innovation were central themes. The appetite for innovation within the market is evident, yet the sector also faces significant challenges. Industry experts at the Axios AI+ DC Summit have warned that managing AI risks and ensuring the quality of AI models remain critical obstacles. Additionally, scaling AI initiatives from pilot projects to full institutional implementation presents further difficulties, as noted by Newsweek. Embry-Riddle confronts these challenges as it seeks to transition from experimental AI programs to comprehensive, institution-wide adoption of AI-driven solutions. The competitive environment is intensifying, with companies such as Equinox IT Solutions making substantial investments in AI, signaling a race for technological leadership and market dominance in aviation. Forbes has highlighted that future industry leaders must engage deeply with AI, carefully balancing opportunity costs and the risk of marginalizing those who may be left behind by rapid technological change. Embry-Riddle’s strategy focuses on equipping students not only with technical expertise but also with the critical thinking and adaptability necessary to lead in an AI-driven aviation industry. As the university approaches its centennial milestone, it remains steadfast in its mission to cultivate the next generation of aviation professionals prepared to navigate the complexities and opportunities of the AI era.

Hughes Acquires Anderson Connectivity, Expands FAA Part 145 Facilities Hughes Network Systems, LLC (HUGHES), a subsidiary of EchoStar (Nasdaq: SATS), has announced the acquisition of Anderson Connectivity, an aerospace company based in Melbourne, Florida, specializing in design, engineering, and manufacturing services. This strategic acquisition significantly enhances Hughes’ capabilities across aviation, space, and defense sectors by integrating specialized technology talent and advanced product solutions into its portfolio. Strategic Growth and Leadership Integration EchoStar President and CEO Hamid Akhavan emphasized the acquisition as a forward-looking investment, stating, “EchoStar is investing in a robust future and is proud to add Anderson Connectivity to augment our already strong foundation.” As part of the agreement, Brian Anderson, founder of Anderson Connectivity, will join Hughes as Vice President, Aviation Technology & Innovation Officer. Hughes will also take control of Anderson’s Melbourne facility, which currently holds FAA Part 145 certification and is actively pursuing Part 21 certification. This site is poised to become a central hub for aviation innovation and rapid prototyping within both Hughes and EchoStar. Paul Gaske, Chief Operating Officer at Hughes, highlighted the value of the acquisition, noting, “Brian Anderson is a visionary in aerospace technology, and his team brings unmatched expertise and capabilities. This acquisition allows us to accelerate our innovation, global support, and deliver even greater value to our aviation customers while supporting the strong growth of our Defense and Space businesses.” Brian Anderson expressed optimism about the partnership, adding, “Joining forces with Hughes enables us to take our delivery capabilities to the next level. With Hughes’ global reach and manufacturing expertise, we’re now uniquely positioned to design, build, and repair groundbreaking aviation and space solutions.” Expansion of FAA-Certified Facilities and Market Implications The acquisition and expansion of FAA Part 145 facilities position Hughes to better meet the increasing demands of the aviation sector. However, the company may encounter challenges related to regulatory compliance and the integration of emerging technologies. As Hughes strengthens its footprint, competition within the market is expected to intensify, particularly from inflight connectivity providers such as Gogo, which is actively expanding its Galileo approvals and Supplemental Type Certificates (STCs). Competitors are likely to respond by enhancing their connectivity offerings and forming new partnerships to maintain market share. Furthermore, Hughes’ increased investment in FAA-certified facilities may attract scrutiny concerning operational efficiencies and cost management as the company scales its aviation and defense operations. Company Overview Hughes Network Systems, an EchoStar company, delivers broadband equipment and managed services to millions of consumers, businesses, governments, airlines, and communities worldwide. Its flagship HughesNet® internet service and JUPITER™ System provide connectivity to tens of millions globally, including inflight broadband for thousands of aircraft over the past two decades. Hughes also supports approximately half a million enterprise sites with a diverse portfolio that includes 5G Open RAN and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite solutions. For further information, visit www.hughes.com or follow HughesConnects on X (Twitter) and LinkedIn.

India’s Aerospace Supply Chain Expands from $250 Million to $2 Billion Surge in Aerospace Component Manufacturing India’s aerospace supply chain is experiencing unprecedented growth, driven by increasing demand from global aerospace giants. Over the past decade, Indian firms have transitioned from basic manufacturing to producing higher-value components, expanding their capabilities and global reach. Boeing, for instance, now sources over $1 billion worth of components and critical systems annually from India, a significant rise from $250 million ten years ago. Airbus has set an ambitious target to procure $2 billion in components from Indian suppliers by 2030, underscoring the country’s growing importance in the global aerospace ecosystem. Domestic companies are capitalizing on this momentum by deepening their engagement with major original equipment manufacturers (OEMs). Belgaum-based Aequs, which supplies to Airbus, Boeing, Bombardier, Collins Aerospace, and Spirit Aerosystems, reported that 89% of its Rs 925 crore revenue in fiscal year 2025 came from aerocomponents. Aravind Melligeri, chairman and CEO of Aequs, emphasized the company’s long-term commitment to its customers, noting that their role as a critical supplier insulates them from tariff fluctuations and competitive displacement. Similarly, Hyderabad-based Azad Engineering, a supplier to Honeywell Aerospace, Rolls Royce, and Eaton Aerospace, witnessed an 84% increase in aerospace and defense revenue, reaching Rs 81 crore in FY25. Since its public listing in December 2023, Azad’s stock price has surged by 215%. Chairman and CEO Rakesh Chopdar highlighted the importance of earning OEM trust through consistent performance and precision, rather than relying solely on technology acquisition. With an order book exceeding Rs 1,700 crore—more than twenty times its annual sales—the company is expanding its manufacturing footprint with a new facility in Telangana. Unimech Aerospace and Manufacturing is also pursuing growth through strategic acquisitions and joint ventures in both India and the United States. Co-founder Rajanikanth Balaraman noted the company’s focus on precision manufacturing targets, reflecting a broader trend of Indian firms producing increasingly complex aerospace products and subassemblies. The number of unique components supplied by Indian manufacturers continues to rise steadily, signaling enhanced technical capabilities. Investment and Industry Challenges The rapid expansion of India’s aerospace sector has attracted significant investor interest. Indian aerospace companies are preparing to raise approximately Rs 5,700 crore through initial public offerings in the near term, buoyed by strong order books and favorable market conditions. Unlike other export sectors such as textiles, gems, and auto parts—which face US import duties as high as 50%—aerocomponents are subject to tariffs of just 25%, providing Indian suppliers with a competitive advantage in global markets. Despite this positive trajectory, the sector faces considerable challenges. Ongoing supply chain disruptions are projected to cost airlines over $11 billion in 2025 due to delays in aircraft production. These delays are prompting the global airline industry to reassess fleet plans, resulting in increased operational costs from the continued use of older aircraft, higher maintenance expenses, and additional leasing costs for engines. Moreover, India’s ambitious goals in aerospace, defense, and semiconductors depend heavily on cultivating a future-ready workforce. Currently, the talent pool is insufficiently equipped to meet the evolving technical demands of these high-technology sectors. Nonetheless, India’s aerospace supply chain is firmly on an upward trajectory, positioning the country as an increasingly vital player in the global aerospace industry.

STS Line Maintenance Expands with New Satellite Station in Vero Beach STS Line Maintenance (STS), a division of STS Aviation Group, has announced the opening of a new satellite station at Vero Beach Regional Airport (VRB) in Florida, with operations scheduled to commence on December 1. JetBlue Airways will be the first customer served at the facility, marking a strategic expansion designed to enhance STS’s service network along Florida’s east coast. Strategic Growth and Operational Integration Mark Smith, President of STS Aviation Group, highlighted the importance of the new location in reinforcing the company’s commitment to responsive and high-quality service. He explained that the Vero Beach station will operate as an extension of STS’s existing Melbourne facility, ensuring seamless operational consistency and comprehensive regional coverage. Kendall Mardenborough, the line maintenance regional director for the east coast, will oversee daily operations at the new site, working closely with the Melbourne team to uphold efficiency and service standards. Gary Pratt, Senior Vice President and General Manager of STS Line Maintenance, described the expansion as both a strategic move and a response to customer demand. He emphasized that the company’s growth remains focused on supporting clients with efficiency, reliability, and highly skilled technicians, reinforcing STS’s position in the competitive maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) market. Competitive and Industry Context STS’s entry into the Vero Beach market occurs within a competitive landscape where established providers such as Textron Aviation maintain a strong presence. These incumbents are expected to respond with enhanced marketing efforts and service offerings to protect their market share. Additionally, the expansion may attract increased regulatory scrutiny to ensure compliance with stringent aviation maintenance standards. Industry analysts also point to broader trends in the global aerospace sector that could influence regional demand for advanced maintenance services. The rapid growth of the space industry, particularly driven by China’s substantial investments in space infrastructure, may indirectly affect the need for specialized maintenance capabilities in Florida and other key locations. By launching the Vero Beach facility, STS aims to strengthen its reputation as a reliable MRO partner, offering greater flexibility to airline clients and expanding its established east coast footprint. This development underscores the company’s ongoing commitment to delivering customer-focused maintenance solutions amid an evolving and competitive market environment.

Engine Leasing Team: A Strategic Partnership in Aircraft Engine Asset Management Total Engine Asset Management (TEAM) is a joint venture equally owned by Marubeni Corporation and ST Engineering, positioning itself as a leading global full-service aircraft engine lessor. The company provides a comprehensive suite of asset management services, encompassing deal origination, lease and technical management, sales, and remarketing. A notable achievement in TEAM’s history came in 2020 with the launch of Sunbird Engine Finance Limited, marking Asia’s first engine asset-backed securitisation backed by a portfolio of 30 engines. Building Long-Term Partnerships and Tailored Solutions Over the years, TEAM has cultivated strong relationships with airlines worldwide, concentrating on medium- to long-term leasing arrangements primarily for narrowbody aircraft engines. The company emphasizes its role as a strategic partner, delivering value-added and customized engine solutions designed to support the growth and operational efficiency of its airline customers. This approach underscores TEAM’s commitment to aligning its services with the evolving needs of the aviation sector. Industry Challenges and Market Implications The engine leasing industry, including TEAM, is currently navigating significant challenges. Persistent supply chain disruptions are projected to increase engine leasing costs by as much as $2.6 billion in 2025. These escalating expenses pose risks not only to TEAM’s operational model but also to airlines’ broader fleet and financial planning strategies. In response, competitors within the engine leasing market are likely to reassess and optimize their strategies to counteract these cost pressures. Such adjustments may lead to shifts in market dynamics and operational practices across the sector. Despite these challenges, TEAM remains dedicated to supporting its airline partners by adapting its services to meet the changing demands of the industry. The company continues to uphold its position as a trusted provider of engine leasing and asset management solutions amid a complex and evolving market landscape.

Barry Fitzgerald on Building a $10 Billion Aircraft Leasing Platform Ireland’s Pivotal Role in Aircraft Leasing Ireland has established itself as the global epicenter for aircraft leasing, managing and financing over 60% of the world’s leased aircraft. This dominance stems from a combination of strategic government support, a favorable tax environment, access to the European Union market, and a highly skilled workforce. Dublin alone is home to more than 30 leasing companies, supported by specialized academic programs that prepare professionals for the sector. The origins of this industry date back to the 1970s when Tony Ryan, a former Aer Lingus executive, partnered with the Guinness Peat Group to launch a leasing venture in Shannon. Their pioneering insight—that airlines benefit more from leasing aircraft than owning them outright—transformed the aviation landscape. Leasing provides airlines with the flexibility to adjust to fluctuating cash flows and passenger demand, much like how cloud computing offers agility to IT operations. By 2004, half of the world’s commercial aircraft were leased, and today that figure has risen to approximately 60%. This growth underscores Ireland’s continued leadership and innovation in the sector, with Irish-leased aircraft taking off somewhere in the world every two seconds. Digitizing a Traditionally Paper-Heavy Industry Barry Fitzgerald, Chief Technology Officer and co-founder of Cloudcards, is a key figure driving digital transformation within this traditionally paper-intensive industry. His connection to aircraft leasing is personal; his brother founded Civil Aviation Services, an engineering firm at Shannon Airport specializing in technical management for leased aircraft. When Fitzgerald joined the company in 2006, he identified a significant opportunity to digitize the complex and cumbersome processes involved in aircraft transitions between lessors. Historically, these transitions generated vast amounts of paperwork and data, often stored in physical formats. Fitzgerald recalls the early stages of this digital shift: “We digitized how you perform that type of work. We started with an Excel model with macros and a File Transfer Protocol (FTP) site, on which we digitized 60 boxes of aircraft records, which are fundamental to the value of the machine.” The introduction of Optical Character Recognition (OCR) technology made these records searchable, initially stored on DVDs before migrating online to facilitate global access and collaboration. Cloudcards aims to revolutionize aircraft leasing in the same way Amazon Web Services transformed retail, by bringing digital innovation and efficiency to an industry long reliant on manual processes. Navigating Industry Challenges and Market Volatility Building a $10 billion aircraft leasing platform is not without its challenges. The industry currently faces significant headwinds, including global supply chain disruptions projected to cost airlines more than $11 billion this year. These delays increase fuel and maintenance expenses and compel airlines to lease additional engines, thereby adding operational complexity. Furthermore, Cloudcards must compete with established players and respond to strategic moves by rivals, such as Turkish Airlines’ exploration of joint ventures with Air Algerie. Market volatility further complicates the landscape. Large conglomerates like the Tata Group have experienced substantial declines in market value, losing tens of billions due to sector-wide uncertainties. Despite these obstacles, Cloudcards is positioning itself as an essential digital backbone for the aircraft leasing industry. By streamlining documentation, enhancing data accessibility, and enabling real-time collaboration among stakeholders, Fitzgerald’s vision is to make aircraft leasing as agile and resilient as the airlines it supports.