Air India Implements 30 AI Tools to Enhance Fleet Efficiency and Cut Costs

Thailand Enhances Military Airlift with Airbus C295 Acquisition The Royal Thai Air Force has confirmed an order for two Airbus C295 tactical transport aircraft, a strategic move to strengthen the nation’s military airlift capabilities. These aircraft will be assigned to the 46th Wing based at Phitsanulok Air Base, with deliveries anticipated in the first half of 2029. The C295s will be assembled at Airbus Defence and Space facilities in Seville, Spain. Expanding a Diverse Transport Fleet This procurement marks a continuation of Thailand’s efforts to diversify one of Southeast Asia’s most varied military transport fleets. The Royal Thai Army currently operates three C295s, which have been in service since 2016, primarily supporting cargo and troop transport missions. Meanwhile, the Royal Thai Air Force maintains a fleet comprising 11 Lockheed C-130H Hercules, 12 Pilatus PC-6 utility aircraft, five Saab 340 transports, and up to eight Basler BT-67s. The Basler BT-67 is a modernized variant of the Douglas DC-3, upgraded with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A turboprop engines and advanced avionics. The newly ordered C295s will be configured to perform a variety of tactical transport roles, including troop and cargo transport, medical evacuation, and paratrooper deployment. Each aircraft is capable of carrying up to 70 troops or 49 paratroopers and can operate from unprepared runways, enhancing operational flexibility. Airbus continues to collaborate with Thai Aviation Industries to provide maintenance support and training for the expanding C295 fleet. Regional Implications and Market Dynamics While the order significantly enhances Thailand’s airlift capacity, the delivery timeline extending to 2029 underscores potential challenges in procurement schedules. This extended lead time may influence other Southeast Asian nations, many of which are also seeking to upgrade their tactical airlift capabilities, to consider similar acquisitions. The development could stimulate increased regional demand for tactical transport aircraft, attracting attention from competing manufacturers such as Boeing and Lockheed Martin, who may propose alternative solutions to Thailand and its neighbors. On a global scale, Airbus has secured over 330 orders for the C295 from 39 countries, including several operators within the Asia-Pacific region. Thailand’s decision to expand its fleet is poised to impact market dynamics and competitive strategies in the region’s evolving defense sector.

GE Secures UK Contract to Support Apache Helicopter Engines GE Aerospace has been awarded a three-year contract by Boeing Defence UK to provide continued support for the T700-GE-T701D engines that power the British Army’s Apache AH-64E helicopter fleet. Under the terms of the Performance Based Logistics agreement, GE will deploy an on-site Field Service Representative at Wattisham Flying Station in Suffolk. The company will also manage logistics, technical support, and material services to ensure the operational readiness of the fleet. The contract encompasses repair and maintenance services for the engines and line-replaceable units, with StandardAero conducting this work at its facility in Gosport, Hampshire. Paul Ferraro, Vice President and General Manager of Defense Engines & Services at GE Aerospace, emphasized that the agreement strengthens the company’s longstanding partnership with Boeing Defence. He noted that enhanced regional support is critical to maintaining aircraft availability and mission readiness for the UK Apache fleet. Context and Industry Challenges The T700 engine family, which powers the Apache helicopters, has a distinguished operational record, having accumulated over 100 million flight hours and with more than 25,000 units produced. These engines support military platforms across 50 countries and are integral to a variety of missions, including transport, medical evacuation, air rescue, special operations, and maritime patrol. GE’s contract award arrives amid a complex industry environment. The company reported a 50% year-on-year increase in engine deliveries during the first quarter of 2026, reflecting strong production performance. However, GE continues to address durability issues with its Leap engines, developing aftermarket kits to mitigate these concerns. These technical challenges may affect market perceptions despite the company’s robust delivery figures. The competitive landscape is also evolving. Rival Pratt & Whitney is currently managing a significant recall of its PW1000G engines, a development that could influence procurement decisions by operators and governments. Additionally, the UK’s modernization efforts for its Apache fleet, including the integration of drone wingmen through Project NYX, may have implications for GE’s future support requirements and market position. Despite these challenges and shifts, GE’s renewed contract highlights its established role in sustaining the UK’s Apache helicopter capabilities and underscores the critical importance of dependable engine support as the British Army advances its aviation assets.

Horizon Advances Dual-Use Certification for Cavorite X7 Hybrid-Electric Aircraft New Horizon Aircraft is progressing with the dual-use certification of its hybrid-electric Cavorite X7 vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) aircraft, in collaboration with Cert Center Canada (3C). As the nation’s sole independent flight test and certification design approval organization recognized by Transport Canada, 3C plays a pivotal role in guiding the Cavorite X7 through the complex regulatory landscape. Designed from the outset to serve both civilian and military markets, the aircraft responds to growing demand for high-speed, low-noise VTOL platforms capable of fulfilling a broad range of commercial and defense missions. Integrating Dual-Use Requirements from Inception Horizon’s partnership with 3C began during the early design stages, allowing the company to embed dual-use certification requirements directly into the aircraft’s development program. This strategic collaboration leverages 3C’s extensive expertise in both military and civilian aviation sectors. Dr. John Maris, founder of 3C, explained that achieving dual-use certification necessitates compliance with a complex array of regulatory standards, encompassing both civilian aviation regulations and military operational criteria. He highlighted that Horizon has meticulously tailored the Cavorite X7 to meet these multifaceted challenges and emphasized 3C’s ongoing commitment to supporting the project through to its eventual commercial and military deployment. Navigating Regulatory Complexities and Market Responses Despite these efforts, the path to dual-use certification remains fraught with challenges. Horizon must carefully navigate overlapping regulatory frameworks and ensure the aircraft satisfies the stringent requirements of both sectors. The certification process demands rigorous testing and validation across diverse operational scenarios, adding layers of complexity to the project. Market reactions to Horizon’s dual-use strategy have been varied. Some investors regard the pursuit of dual certification as a prudent approach to expanding market opportunities across commercial and defense domains. Conversely, others view it as a high-risk endeavor due to the technical and regulatory hurdles involved. Competitors within the hybrid-electric aircraft industry are closely observing Horizon’s progress, with some anticipated to accelerate their own development programs or adjust product strategies to maintain competitive positioning. The collaboration with Cert Center Canada aims to streamline the certification process, yet the ultimate success of the Cavorite X7 will depend on its operational performance and ability to meet the demanding dual-use standards. Strategic Context within Canada’s Aerospace Sector Horizon’s certification efforts align with Canada’s intensified focus on national security and domestic aerospace capabilities, following the introduction of the Defence Industrial Strategy in February 2026. This policy prioritizes the procurement of Canadian-built aircraft and technologies, potentially positioning the Cavorite X7 as a significant asset within the country’s evolving aerospace landscape.

Embraer Signals Potential Greek Order for C-390 with MRO Deal Strategic Partnership with Hellenic Aerospace Industry Embraer has formalized a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Hellenic Aerospace Industry (HAI), indicating growing prospects that Greece may soon become an operator of the C-390 Millennium military transport aircraft. Announced on May 22, the agreement lays the groundwork for future maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) activities for the C-390 within Greece, potentially supporting the sustainment of a Hellenic Air Force fleet. Embraer emphasized that the partnership will enhance its presence in Greece and reinforce its longstanding relationship with the country. Founded in 1975, HAI is a prominent state-owned aerospace and defense company, playing a critical role in Greece’s defense industrial base. Prospects for Greek Acquisition and Regional Context Although Athens has yet to make a formal purchase commitment, the timing of the MOU follows recent statements by Greek Defense Minister Nikos Dendias, who confirmed ongoing discussions with Portugal regarding the acquisition of the C-390. During a visit to Lisbon earlier this month, Dendias highlighted talks about “the possibility of purchasing the C-390.” Portugal currently has six aircraft on order and holds ten purchase options that can be reassigned to other NATO members, underscoring the aircraft’s growing footprint in Europe. Greek media reports suggest that Athens may initially seek to acquire three C-390s, with the potential for fleet expansion later in the decade. The Hellenic Air Force is actively evaluating replacements for its aging transport fleet, particularly the C-130 Hercules, which has experienced low availability rates in recent years. Greece also operates C-27J Spartan transports, which are expected to remain in service following planned modernization efforts. Embraer showcased the C-390 to the Greek Air Force in 2023 during evaluations at Elefsina Air Base, further demonstrating the aircraft’s capabilities. Competitive Landscape and Market Implications The C-390 has been gaining traction across Europe, with confirmed orders from Portugal, Hungary, the Netherlands, Sweden, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia. However, Embraer faces significant challenges in securing a Greek order, including intense competition from established rivals such as Lockheed Martin, which may increase marketing efforts to maintain or expand their presence in Greece. Timely delivery and reliable maintenance services will be crucial factors, especially given Greece’s ongoing economic and political uncertainties. Market analysts suggest that confirmation of a Greek deal could positively impact Embraer’s stock, reflecting investor confidence in the company’s expanding global footprint. Embraer’s recent successes, including substantial orders from the United Arab Emirates and active pursuits in Colombia, Chile, and the Middle East, highlight its competitive positioning in the military transport sector. As Greece continues to assess its options, the new MRO agreement with HAI positions Embraer as a strong contender to modernize the Hellenic Air Force’s transport capabilities. The partnership also strengthens local industry ties and supports long-term sustainment, aligning with Greece’s strategic defense objectives.

ADE Secures $100 Million Financing from QNB Group Asia Digital Engineering (ADE), the Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) subsidiary of Capital A, has secured a $100 million (RM425 million) financing facility from QNB Group, a leading financial institution in the Middle East and Africa. This significant capital injection is intended to support ADE’s expansion amid rising regional demand for MRO services, particularly within Asia’s rapidly growing aviation maintenance and engineering sector. Expansion Plans and Strategic Growth The new financing will enable ADE to scale its operations, increase capacity, and broaden its portfolio of airline customers, while continuing to serve its long-term anchor client, the AirAsia Group. ADE’s CEO, Mahesh Kumar, emphasized that the investment reflects strong confidence in the company’s operational performance and growth potential. He highlighted that in just five years, ADE has completed over 300 C-checks, underscoring the company’s consistent capabilities. Kumar stated that the funds will accelerate expansion plans, support additional capacity to meet growing MRO demand, and enhance ADE’s ability to deliver efficient, world-class maintenance services to airline customers. Capital A CEO Tony Fernandes remarked on ADE’s evolution from an internal engineering unit into a regional aviation services provider. He noted that what began as an internal capability serving AirAsia has transformed into a fast-growing business supporting multiple global airlines, including Air France, while attracting substantial institutional backing. Fernandes expressed confidence that ADE will continue to expand and capitalize on significant opportunities emerging across the regional MRO sector. QNB Group’s Strategic Support and ADE’s Capabilities Khalid Ahmed Al-Sada, Senior Executive Vice President for Group Corporate and Institutional Banking at QNB Group, highlighted the bank’s commitment to supporting aviation and MRO growth across Asia. He noted that the financing aligns with QNB’s strategic focus on the region, reinforcing its role as a key financial partner in the sector. ADE currently offers comprehensive engineering and maintenance solutions across Asia, operating a line maintenance network spanning 20 airports in ASEAN and base maintenance capabilities of up to 16 lines. These operations are supported by specialized workshops located in Kuala Lumpur. The company is also investing in digital innovation through proprietary platforms such as AEROTRADE® for aircraft parts procurement and ELEVADE™ for aircraft health management. ADE holds Approved Maintenance Organisation recognition in 18 countries, alongside EASA Part 145 approval and FAA certification. Market Implications and Competitive Landscape While the new financing positions ADE for accelerated growth, industry observers suggest that competitors may respond with their own funding initiatives or strategic moves to protect market share. This development could stimulate increased investor interest in ADE’s projects but may also invite scrutiny regarding the company’s capacity to effectively deploy the capital. Rival MRO providers might leverage their financial resources to intensify competition in market expansion and project development, highlighting the dynamic and competitive nature of the regional aviation maintenance sector.

United Airlines to Equip Former Continental Boeing 777-200ERs with Starlink United Airlines is preparing to enhance its long-haul in-flight Wi-Fi by installing Starlink satellite internet on its Boeing 777-200ER aircraft, originally acquired from Continental Airlines. This upgrade is scheduled for completion ahead of the peak summer travel season, addressing longstanding passenger dissatisfaction regarding the absence of reliable internet connectivity on extended routes. These specific 777 models are distinguished within United’s fleet by their powerful General Electric GE90 engines and more advanced electrical systems, factors that are expected to facilitate the integration of Starlink’s cutting-edge connectivity technology. Implementation and Fleetwide Connectivity Strategy The decision to adopt Starlink follows the discontinuation of United’s previous Panasonic internet service, which temporarily left some flights without Wi-Fi. United has already outfitted nearly 250 Embraer E175 regional jets with Starlink and is actively retrofitting its Boeing 737 fleet. The airline’s broader objective is to equip its entire widebody fleet with Starlink by the end of next year, while aiming to upgrade half of its single-aisle aircraft by the close of this year. United has publicly emphasized its commitment to improving onboard connectivity, highlighted by a two-day “Elevated” event held earlier this year at Los Angeles International Airport. The first 777-200ER to receive Starlink, tail number N37018, is currently undergoing test flights in Rio de Janeiro and is anticipated to secure regulatory approval shortly. The initial phase of the rollout will focus on 22 GE90-powered 777-224s, which are newer than other 777s in United’s fleet and are approaching significant maintenance intervals, making them ideal candidates for the installation. Market Dynamics and Competitive Challenges United’s partnership with Starlink unfolds amid a rapidly shifting landscape in the in-flight connectivity market. The satellite broadband sector remains volatile, with competition marked by uncertainty, as evidenced in other industries where Starlink operates, such as with Cable One. Rival carriers, including Delta Air Lines, have expressed reservations about Starlink’s suitability, opting instead for Amazon’s Leo satellite service, which they argue offers distinct advantages. This competitive environment is likely to accelerate satellite internet upgrades across the airline industry as carriers seek to maintain technological and service parity. Furthermore, recent adjustments to SpaceX’s pricing for Starlink’s general aviation service may impact both airline procurement decisions and passenger perceptions of in-flight internet value. As United advances its Starlink installation, it will need to address technical integration challenges and navigate evolving market conditions, all while striving to restore dependable internet access for its long-haul travelers and sustain its competitive position within the sector.

Quality Service Essential for Aviation Improvement Hawaz International Dynamics Ltd, a newly established aviation and travel services company, has officially commenced operations in Nigeria’s aviation sector, underscoring its dedication to excellence, professionalism, innovation, and timely service delivery. At the company’s launch event, Chairman Hassan Ejibunu highlighted Hawaz International’s strategic positioning within Nigeria’s rapidly evolving aviation landscape, aiming to address critical operational needs. Regulatory Compliance and Industry Positioning Incorporated in March 2025 under the Companies and Allied Matters Act (CAMA) 2020 by the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC), Hawaz International has secured essential certifications and operational recognitions from prominent regulatory bodies. These include the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA), Nigerian Airspace Management Agency (NAMA), International Air Transport Association (IATA), National Association of Nigeria Travel Agencies (NANTA), and the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON). Such accreditations authorize the company to operate fully within Nigeria’s aviation industry, ensuring adherence to both national and international standards. Chairman Ejibunu emphasized that the company was founded to bridge existing operational gaps in Nigeria’s aviation sector by delivering reliable, efficient, and globally compliant aviation support services. He noted that one of Hawaz International’s key strengths lies in the extensive experience of its leadership team, which collectively brings over 80 years of expertise in the aviation industry. Navigating Industry Challenges and Market Dynamics Hawaz International’s entry into the market coincides with significant challenges confronting the aviation sector, including the imperative to maintain Essential Air Service subsidies amid escalating fuel costs. These financial pressures have compelled airlines to reevaluate their route networks, particularly those serving rural communities, which may lead to reduced airline capacity and diminished demand for maintenance and support services. In response, some carriers are modifying their service offerings or exploring alternative funding mechanisms to sustain operations in underserved regions. Within this context, Hawaz International aims to provide vital support to airlines and other stakeholders as they navigate these shifting market conditions. Chairman Ejibunu expressed the company’s readiness to collaborate with foreign airlines, aviation stakeholders, travel organizations, government agencies, and investors seeking dependable operational support and consultancy services both within Nigeria and across the African continent. By leveraging its experienced leadership and comprehensive regulatory compliance, Hawaz International aspires to play a pivotal role in enhancing service quality and operational efficiency in Nigeria’s aviation sector, assisting the industry in adapting to evolving market dynamics and financial challenges.

Tampa International Airport Unveils Ambitious Air Taxi Initiative Tampa International Airport has revealed an innovative plan to transform urban transportation by introducing an “air mobility hub” designed to alleviate the city’s persistent traffic congestion. The concept envisions passengers bypassing road traffic by boarding electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs) that would ferry them across the Tampa Bay Area. Airport CEO Michael Stephens presented the proposal to the Tampa City Council, outlining a system where travelers would first use the airport’s Sky Connect train to reach a new multimodal transportation center. From there, passengers would board eVTOL aircraft to reach various destinations beyond the airport. Stephens described the vision as “an eVTOL staying above the traffic, taking you from the airport to points beyond,” accompanied by renderings of the futuristic aircraft. A Multimodal Transportation Nexus The proposed hub aims to integrate multiple modes of transit, linking eVTOLs with trains, automated people movers, rideshares, and buses. This interconnected system is intended to enhance mobility across the city and reduce the strain on Tampa’s roadways. Stephens emphasized the importance of seamless connectivity, noting that eVTOL technology is expected to arrive in the near future and could revolutionize local transit. City council members expressed strong support for the initiative. District 6 Council member Charlie Miranda praised the airport’s innovative approach, stating, “We need what you have at the airport in Tampa to make it movable.” Similarly, District 1 co-chair Alan Clendenin highlighted the potential to expand transit options and improve connections between Tampa’s neighborhoods. Challenges and Industry Context Despite the enthusiasm, the project faces significant hurdles. Its success depends heavily on the Florida Department of Transportation’s ability to develop the necessary ground infrastructure to support the new hub. Additionally, regulatory approvals, market competition, and public acceptance remain critical challenges. The air taxi industry is rapidly evolving on a national scale. Joby Aviation, a prominent eVTOL developer, has already demonstrated piloted air taxi routes in New York City, showcasing the technology’s transformative potential. However, Joby must still obtain Federal Aviation Administration certification and secure funding for charging infrastructure before launching commercial operations. Complicating matters, Delta Air Lines—Joby’s strategic partner—has expressed concerns about an ongoing US International Trade Commission investigation into Joby’s trade practices, which could disrupt their collaboration. Competition within the sector is intensifying. Archer Aviation, another leading eVTOL company, is actively defending its patents, a move that may affect Joby’s development timeline and the broader deployment of air taxi services. For Tampa, the promise of air taxis represents a compelling solution to chronic traffic congestion. Yet, as Stephens acknowledged, “This is just a dream right now.” The realization of this vision will require coordinated efforts among city officials, state agencies, and private industry stakeholders. With growing momentum in the air mobility sector and local support strengthening, Tampa’s aspiration to elevate urban transportation may soon take flight.

Air New Zealand and Global Airlines Adjust Operations Amid Boeing 787 Engine Reliability Challenges Airlines around the world are confronting significant operational disruptions as ongoing reliability issues with Boeing 787 engines force widespread schedule adjustments and flight cancellations. Major carriers, including Air New Zealand, British Airways, All Nippon Airways (ANA), and LATAM, have been compelled to reroute or suspend long-haul services at key international hubs such as Auckland Airport, London Heathrow, Los Angeles International Airport, and Tokyo Narita. These disruptions are reshaping fleet strategies and prompting a reevaluation of engine procurement decisions across the industry. The Boeing 787 Engine Reliability Crisis At the heart of the crisis are persistent durability problems with the Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines, which power a substantial portion of the global 787 Dreamliner fleet. Aviation regulators, notably the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), have issued multiple airworthiness directives mandating frequent inspections and component replacements to address premature wear and cracking in critical engine parts. EASA has specifically highlighted the risk of cracks developing in low-pressure turbine blade assemblies, which could lead to in-flight engine shutdowns if not properly managed. These longstanding technical challenges have resulted in intensified maintenance schedules, unexpected aircraft groundings, and increased operational complexity for affected airlines. The situation is further exacerbated by global supply chain delays for replacement parts and limited overhaul capacity, causing some aircraft to remain out of service for extended periods. In response, airlines are prioritizing aircraft equipped with more reliable and readily available engines, such as the GE Aerospace GEnx-1B, both for current operations and future fleet acquisitions. Operational and Market Implications Air New Zealand has been particularly affected by these issues, facing significant aircraft availability constraints and engine maintenance delays that have led to flight cancellations and contributed to a reported net loss in its early fiscal year 2026 results. The airline, which depends heavily on its 787 fleet for international routes, has acknowledged ongoing fleet limitations and plans to introduce GEnx-powered 787s by late 2026 to enhance reliability and restore capacity. Similarly, British Airways has encountered delays in engine deliveries and has shifted its orders for six new Boeing 787 aircraft from Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 engines to GE GEnx units. The airline’s Chief Technical Officer noted that no engines were delivered on schedule in 2025, underscoring persistent supply chain and reliability challenges. Other carriers, including ANA and LATAM, have also revised their fleet plans and long-haul schedules in light of these engine reliability concerns. LATAM has recently placed orders for 787s powered by GEnx engines, while simultaneously expressing renewed confidence in the latest Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 XE variant. These schedule adjustments at major hubs have introduced additional operational costs, increased passenger dissatisfaction, and intensified competitive pressures within the industry. Airlines such as Air New Zealand, which rely heavily on the 787 for international connectivity, remain particularly vulnerable to these disruptions. Meanwhile, competitors like JetBlue appear less affected by the shifting dynamics, and market analysts suggest that heightened scrutiny of airline reliability may influence passenger preferences toward carriers operating more dependable aircraft. As the industry continues to navigate these challenges, reliance on GEnx-powered 787s is expected to grow, with airlines seeking to stabilize their networks while maintaining safety and reliability in global air travel.

SIA Engineering Expands Regional Footprint with New Maintenance Facility in Subang SIA Engineering Company (SIAEC) has inaugurated a new base maintenance facility at Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport in Subang, Malaysia, marking a strategic expansion of its maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) network in the Asia-Pacific region. The facility, comprising two hangars, will complement SIAEC’s existing operations in Singapore and the Philippines by providing additional capacity for servicing both widebody and narrowbody aircraft, including current and next-generation models. Operated by SIAEC’s wholly owned subsidiary, Base Maintenance Malaysia (BMM), the Subang facility is capable of handling up to six aircraft checks simultaneously. The company highlighted that this expansion not only enhances operational resilience but also offers customers greater flexibility in meeting their MRO needs across the region and beyond. BMM has already secured regulatory approval for its first hangar and completed its inaugural A350 aircraft check in November 2025. Strategic Importance of Malaysia in Aerospace Sector Growth SIAEC underscored its confidence in Malaysia’s growing role as a key aerospace hub, citing the country’s strong aviation heritage, strategic geographic location, well-established infrastructure, and an expanding pool of skilled aerospace professionals. The establishment of BMM is seen as a catalyst for further development of Malaysia’s aerospace ecosystem, creating skilled employment opportunities and fostering local technical capabilities. The company emphasized its commitment to supporting BMM through the provision of technical expertise, operational experience, governance, training, systems, and customer support. Chin Yau Seng, CEO of SIAEC, described Malaysia’s talent development and technical capabilities as having “strong potential,” characterizing the new facility as a “strategic investment” aimed at driving sustainable long-term growth. Alongside SIAEC’s three other joint ventures in Malaysia—Asia Pacific Aircraft Component Services, Eaton Aero Services, and Pos Aviation Engineering Services—the Subang facility strengthens the company’s capacity to support customers and expand its presence within the country. Competitive Landscape and Market Outlook SIAEC’s expansion occurs amid intensifying competition within the regional MRO sector. Competitors such as VSE, following its acquisition of Precision Aviation Group, and Steiner Aviation, which has increased its maintenance capacity for midsize jets, are actively pursuing market share. Additionally, MAB Engineering has doubled its maintenance capacity at Subang, reflecting a broader industry trend toward scaling operations to meet rising demand. Despite these competitive pressures, market sentiment remains optimistic, supported by robust global demand for MRO services and SIAEC’s record financial performance. Industry analysts anticipate that competitors may respond with further capacity expansions or strategic partnerships to maintain their positions in the evolving market landscape. SIAEC’s shares closed at S$3.16 on Thursday, registering a modest increase of 0.3 per cent.