Nominal Advances Testing and Validation for Future Naval Combat Aircraft

How Russian Aircraft Continue to Use Western Parts Exclusive documentation obtained by UNITED24 Media reveals that, despite stringent EU and US sanctions, Russia continues to procure substantial quantities of Western aviation components. Customs records and internal communications indicate that Russian aviation remains heavily dependent on these restricted parts, which are funneled into the country through an intricate global network of intermediaries. Sanctions Evasion Through Global Networks Since the imposition of sanctions by leading aerospace companies in the United States and European Union, Russia has encountered significant obstacles in maintaining its aircraft fleet. Many Russian planes, including those operated by state-owned carriers, rely on Western-manufactured parts essential for safe operation. To circumvent these restrictions, Russian entities have established a complex network of third-party companies across various countries. These intermediaries legally purchase aviation components in jurisdictions not subject to sanctions and subsequently re-export them to Russia, often obscuring the true end-user to evade detection and breach export controls. Recent customs data highlights the scale and sophistication of this operation. For instance, on June 18, 2024, the China-based Ruida Flying Aviation Technology Company acquired a push-button switch from Honeywell, a major US aerospace manufacturer. Although the part was initially imported into China through legal channels, it was later resold to Aeroflot, Russia’s largest airline, which is majority-owned by the Russian government. This transaction, among many others, effectively bypassed legislation prohibiting such sales to Russia. Between April 2024 and March 2025, thousands of shipments containing avionics and aircraft systems were traced to Russia. Honeywell emerged as the most frequent supplier, with a broad range of products—including safety systems, electronics, and mechanical components—ultimately reaching Russian buyers. Other Western companies were also implicated in these transactions, often through convoluted supply chains involving logistics firms and shell companies. Industry and Market Implications The continued influx of Western parts into Russia underscores several challenges and transformations within the global aerospace sector. While sanctions and export restrictions have curtailed Russia’s access to critical technology, they have also intensified scrutiny from international regulators and prompted potential boycotts by buyers reluctant to support Russian military or civil aviation capabilities. In response, competitors are seeking to exploit emerging opportunities. The Embraer-Adani alliance, for example, is increasing production of regional aircraft in India, targeting markets that may prefer to avoid entanglements with Russian or Western supply chains. Concurrently, Russia is accelerating efforts to achieve technological self-sufficiency by turning to Chinese suppliers and investing heavily in domestic drone and aerospace manufacturing. These developments are reshaping the competitive landscape. As Russia’s dependence on Western technology endures, the risk of supply disruptions and maintenance difficulties grows. Simultaneously, the global market is witnessing a shift toward alternative aircraft platforms and heightened vigilance against sanctions evasion.

Archer Integrates Starlink into Midnight Electric Air Taxi Archer Aviation has announced its intention to incorporate SpaceX’s Starlink internet service into its flagship Midnight electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) air taxi. This marks the first deployment of Starlink on an eVTOL aircraft, aiming to provide high-speed internet connectivity for up to four passengers during short urban flights connecting airports, downtown districts, and event venues in major cities such as New York, Miami, and Los Angeles. Enhancing Connectivity for Urban Air Mobility Starlink’s satellite constellation, comprising nearly 10,000 low-Earth orbit satellites, is engineered to deliver broadband-level speeds even in densely populated urban areas or locations with limited cellular coverage. Archer highlights that this capability makes Starlink particularly well-suited for air taxi operations at altitudes around 1,500 feet above ground level. The integration is expected to significantly improve the passenger experience by enabling activities such as video streaming, voice calls, and online gaming throughout all phases of flight. Additionally, it will facilitate critical communications between Midnight’s pilots and ground engineers, forming a key component of Archer’s broader air taxi connectivity framework. Adam Goldstein, Archer’s founder and CEO, emphasized the importance of connectivity for the Midnight air taxi, stating, “Connectivity is a must-have feature for Midnight. Starlink is uniquely built to deliver it.” He described the collaboration as an industry first that will provide seamless, high-speed internet access and essential amenities for both passengers and pilots. The Starlink system employs a flat, electronically steered antenna capable of automatically tracking multiple satellites to maintain uninterrupted service as the aircraft moves. Installation on each airframe will require a supplemental type certificate (STC), a regulatory approval process that Archer must complete to deploy Starlink across its fleet. Starlink’s Growing Role in Commercial Aviation and Industry Implications Since JSX became the first commercial carrier to equip its aircraft with Starlink in 2023, the satellite internet system has rapidly expanded its footprint in the aviation sector. Major airlines including United, Southwest, Lufthansa, Alaska Airlines, British Airways, Emirates, and numerous national carriers across Europe and Asia have announced plans to install Starlink on their fleets. The system is compatible with a broad range of aircraft models, with additional certifications underway for planes manufactured by Boeing, Airbus, Dassault, Pilatus, and others. Archer’s move to integrate Starlink comes amid intensifying competition and regulatory scrutiny within the eVTOL industry. Competitors such as Joby Aviation and Vertical Aerospace are also advancing connectivity and technological capabilities, potentially accelerating a wider industry shift toward in-flight internet services for urban air mobility. The competitive environment is further complicated by ongoing legal disputes, with Archer currently engaged in litigation against Vertical Aerospace over alleged patent infringement and seeking dismissal of a trade-secret lawsuit filed by Joby Aviation. Despite these challenges, Archer views Starlink as a strategic differentiator with applications extending beyond passenger convenience. The company plans to collaborate closely with SpaceX to develop enhanced connectivity solutions aimed at improving operational efficiency and safety for its Midnight air taxis. As Archer progresses with Starlink integration, the initiative is poised to influence regulatory discussions and shape market expectations regarding connectivity standards in the emerging urban air mobility sector.

Airbus Highlights Engine Delivery Delays and Slow Progress in Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production Challenges Linked to Pratt & Whitney’s GTF Engine Issues Airbus has publicly expressed growing concern over ongoing delays in the delivery of Pratt & Whitney’s geared turbofan (GTF) engines, which has directly influenced a downward revision of its A320 production targets. In its recent full-year earnings presentation, the European aerospace giant announced a revised forecast of producing between 70 and 75 A320-family aircraft per month by the end of 2027, a reduction from the previously anticipated steady rate of 75. Airbus expects to stabilize production at 75 units per month thereafter. Chief Executive Guillaume Faury attributed the production slowdown primarily to Pratt & Whitney’s failure to meet engine delivery commitments. He stated, “Pratt & Whitney’s failure to commit to the number of engines ordered by Airbus is negatively impacting this year’s guidance and the ramp-up trajectory for this year.” Faury emphasized Airbus’s determination to enforce its contractual rights in response to these challenges. The root of the problem lies in a recall campaign affecting Pratt & Whitney’s PW1000G GTF engines, which power the A320neo family alongside CFM International’s LEAP-1A engines. A defect involving powdered metal components necessitated the grounding of hundreds of aircraft for maintenance, causing significant delays in new engine deliveries. Although Pratt & Whitney reported a 6% increase in GTF engine deliveries in 2025, Airbus and its customers remain concerned about the company’s recovery pace from the recall. Faury expressed particular frustration with Pratt & Whitney’s prioritization of servicing in-service aircraft over supplying new engines to Airbus. He argued that the manufacturer should expand its capacity to address both demands simultaneously, stating, “We continue to work with them to make them change the way they manage this.” Despite these setbacks, Airbus maintains a positive outlook for 2026, projecting deliveries of 870 commercial aircraft—an increase of nearly 10% compared to the 793 units delivered in 2025. The company reported a 6% rise in revenue to €73.4 billion ($86.6 billion) and a 33% increase in adjusted EBIT to €7.1 billion for the year. Airbus also secured 1,000 gross aircraft orders in 2025, ending the year with a record backlog of 8,754 aircraft. Other engine manufacturers, including MTU Aero Engines and CFM International, are advancing their engine technologies in response to market demands. Airlines such as Volaris anticipate a reduction in GTF-related groundings as the industry approaches a turning point in resolving these technical issues. Airbus’s production targets for other aircraft models remain largely stable. The A220 is now expected to reach a production rate of 13 per month by 2028, down from an earlier target of 14 per month in 2026. The A330 and A350 production rates are set to hold steady at five and 12 units per month by 2029 and 2028, respectively. Concerns Over Slow Development of Sustainable Aviation Fuel Beyond the challenges related to engine supply, Guillaume Faury also voiced concern over the sluggish progress in the sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) market. He underscored Airbus’s commitment to SAF as a critical component of the industry’s decarbonization strategy but acknowledged that its development remains largely outside the company’s direct control. “The progress is slow—too slow—but it’s not something we should give up on,” Faury remarked, highlighting the importance of continued efforts to advance SAF adoption.

AIAA Identifies Key Issues to Strengthen U.S. Aerospace Leadership in 2026 As the United States approaches 2026, its aerospace sector faces a pivotal moment shaped by rising demands for safer, more resilient air transportation, increasing congestion in airspace, the commercialization of space, and rapidly evolving defense requirements. The American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA) has published its 2026 Key Issues report, outlining critical priorities designed to assist policymakers and industry leaders in maintaining U.S. aerospace leadership amid intensifying global competition and internal challenges. The report highlights several structural concerns confronting the nation’s aerospace industry. The aging fleet of aircraft and persistently low readiness rates pose significant risks, particularly as the U.S. Air Force’s capabilities may decline in the event of a future conflict with China. Market dynamics further complicate the landscape: Airbus continues to dominate single-aisle aircraft sales, while Boeing struggles to reclaim its position in the narrowbody segment. Additionally, companies such as Honeywell are expanding aggressively into the Asia-Pacific defense market, underscoring the need for innovation and strategic partnerships to sustain competitive advantage. Aviation: Modernizing for Safety, Resilience, and Growth AIAA’s aviation priorities emphasize the urgent need to modernize the National Airspace System (NAS) to enhance safety and support sustainable growth. Although the NAS remains one of the most advanced globally, much of its infrastructure is outdated and increasingly susceptible to cyber threats and operational disruptions. The Institute calls for sustained funding from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen), focusing on investments in time-based, precision flight operations and the advancement of digital air traffic control systems. These upgrades are essential not only to bolster safety and cybersecurity but also to accommodate emerging technologies such as advanced air mobility (AAM) and commercial space operations. AIAA stresses the importance of regulatory and operational clarity for AAM and autonomous flight, advocating for scalable certification and integration pathways that support early operations and future autonomy. The report also draws attention to manufacturing challenges, including qualification bottlenecks, fragile supply chains, and shortages in skilled labor, all of which hinder technology adoption and production readiness. National Security: Bridging the Gap Between Objectives and Capacity In the defense arena, AIAA highlights a growing disparity between U.S. defense objectives and the realities of industrial capacity, sustainment, and acquisition speed. Recent conflicts and war-gaming exercises have revealed that industrial fragility, rather than engineering feasibility, may be the primary constraint on military readiness. The Institute emphasizes the need to accelerate qualification processes, enhance workforce capacity, and build resilience within supply chains. A particularly contentious issue for 2026 is the debate surrounding the defense right-to-repair. While access to sustainment capabilities is vital for maintaining readiness, broad mandates risk undermining intellectual property protections that incentivize private investment in defense innovation. AIAA advocates for balanced sustainment policies that provide tailored access to technical data necessary for maintenance without compromising the incentives that drive innovation. Sustaining U.S. Aerospace Leadership The 2026 Key Issues report reflects AIAA’s role as a neutral, technical convener bridging government, industry, and academia. Its consistent focus on strengthening safety, modernizing systems, protecting innovation, and supporting the workforce and industrial base aims to ensure that the United States remains at the forefront of global aerospace. This commitment is particularly critical as international competitors invest heavily in advanced technologies and pursue strategic market expansion.

ACG Delivers Two Boeing 737 MAX 8 Aircraft to WestJet Amid Boeing’s Market Push Aviation Capital Group LLC (ACG), a global full-service aircraft asset manager, has completed the delivery of two Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft to Canadian carrier WestJet. The transaction, structured as a sale-and-leaseback agreement, was finalized with the handover of the aircraft in Seattle earlier this week. These planes, equipped with CFM LEAP-1B engines, represent a significant addition to WestJet’s fleet as the airline pursues its expansion strategy. Boeing’s Strategic Market Positioning This delivery coincides with a critical phase for Boeing, which has accelerated production and deliveries of its commercial aircraft to reach its highest output since 2018. The increased activity forms part of Boeing’s broader initiative to reclaim market share in the narrowbody segment, where Airbus currently maintains a dominant position in single-aisle aircraft sales. Despite intense competition, Boeing’s recent financial recovery and operational enhancements suggest a more stable and competitive stance within the global aviation industry. Carter A. White, Chief Commercial Officer at ACG, highlighted the significance of the transaction and the ongoing partnership with WestJet. He remarked, “We are pleased to finalize this transaction and further strengthen our long-standing relationship with WestJet.” White emphasized that the introduction of these modern, fuel-efficient aircraft will bolster WestJet’s fleet modernization efforts and support its continued growth. Industry Response and Future Outlook The market has reacted favorably to Boeing’s improved delivery performance, with airlines such as Ryanair revising their outlooks positively amid strong demand and more dependable aircraft handovers. Competitors in the industry are expected to maintain a rigorous focus on safety and production efficiency as they strive to sustain their market positions. In addition to the delivery milestone, White extended congratulations to WestJet on its 30th anniversary, wishing the airline and its team ongoing success. The arrival of the two Boeing 737 MAX 8 aircraft not only marks a key moment in WestJet’s fleet development but also reflects broader trends in the commercial aviation sector as manufacturers and carriers navigate evolving market dynamics.

GE Aerospace Awarded Contract to Enhance J85 Engine Readiness for US Air Force GE Aerospace has secured a contract from the US Defense Logistics Agency to improve the readiness of the J85 engine, which powers the US Air Force’s primary trainer aircraft, the T-38. The agreement entrusts GE Aerospace with delivering advanced fleet management and supply optimization solutions to support the Air Force’s pilot training operations. Digitally Enabled Sustainment and Data Integration This contract represents the first digitally enabled TrueChoice™ Defense agreement for the J85 engine. The initial term spans seven months, with an option to extend for an additional four years and five months. The program will utilize artificial intelligence and sophisticated data analytics to unify previously fragmented information from the US Air Force, the Defense Logistics Agency, and GE Aerospace. By consolidating these data sources, the platform aims to forecast parts demand, identify emerging supply chain constraints, and provide stakeholders with a comprehensive operational overview. This enhanced visibility is expected to facilitate faster decision-making, more efficient engine sustainment, and improved fleet readiness. The award follows a successful pilot initiative that integrated data from multiple organizations managing over 6,000 individual J85 engine components. The trial demonstrated that advanced analytics can enhance supply chain transparency, reduce delays, and enable more proactive maintenance and sustainment planning. Strategic Partnerships and Industry Challenges As part of the program, GE Aerospace is collaborating with Palantir to combine aerospace engineering expertise with advanced data integration and artificial intelligence capabilities. This partnership focuses on alleviating supply chain bottlenecks, improving parts availability, and enabling timely, data-driven decisions across the J85 sustainment ecosystem, thereby reinforcing operational capability for the Air Force. GE Aerospace faces several challenges in executing this contract. The company must maintain technological leadership amid competition from major rivals such as Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce, who are expected to intensify efforts to develop advanced engine technologies and forge strategic partnerships. Additionally, GE Aerospace must ensure compliance with stringent defense and aviation regulations while effectively integrating AI and data analytics into its operations. Market response to the contract has been positive, with increased investor confidence in GE Aerospace’s capacity to fulfill complex defense contracts. The award is viewed as a significant advancement in strengthening the company’s position within the defense sector, while also prompting competitors to enhance their own offerings and market strategies. By leveraging advanced technology, strategic collaborations, and a focus on operational efficiency, GE Aerospace aims to establish a new benchmark for engine readiness and sustainment in support of the US Air Force’s training mission.

Anduril’s YFQ-44A Completes Flight Using Dual Autonomy Software in CCA Test Milestone in Semi-Autonomous Flight for Collaborative Combat Aircraft Program Anduril has achieved a significant advancement in the U.S. Air Force’s Collaborative Combat Aircraft (CCA) program with its YFQ-44A aircraft successfully completing a flight employing two distinct mission autonomy software suites. This accomplishment represents a notable step forward in the development of semi-autonomous fighter-class systems and underscores the increasing focus on modularity and interoperability within the CCA initiative. Four months following its initial semi-autonomous flight, the YFQ-44A autonomously took off, navigated to a predetermined waypoint, and engaged Shield AI’s Hivemind mission autonomy software. Hivemind executed a series of complex test scenarios before the aircraft transitioned seamlessly to Anduril’s proprietary Lattice for Mission Autonomy software, which repeated the same test points prior to a safe landing. According to Anduril, this demonstration of dual-software operation highlights rapid progress since the company was selected to produce CCA prototypes in April 2024, achieving semi-autonomous flight within just 556 days. Integration and Collaboration Underpinning Dual Autonomy The successful integration of two independently developed autonomy stacks was facilitated by the early adoption of the Autonomy Government Reference Architecture (A-GRA) across both the aircraft and software systems. Engineers from Anduril and Shield AI collaborated closely to integrate Hivemind with the YFQ-44A’s flight control software, validating the combined system through extensive software-in-the-loop and hardware-in-the-loop simulations prior to the flight. During the test, Hivemind managed the aircraft through scenarios representative of future mission concepts, with both autonomy suites performing as intended. Anduril has invested significant internal resources over the past year to develop its Lattice for Mission Autonomy baseline, aiming to deliver a capability focused on air dominance and aligned with the CCA program’s modular, competitive framework. The Air Force’s CCA program emphasizes open hardware and software architectures, including the A-GRA standard, to enable rapid integration of diverse capabilities and foster a competitive ecosystem of software providers. Implications for the Future of Autonomous Combat Aircraft The successful demonstration of both Hivemind and Lattice software operating within a single sortie showcases the YFQ-44A’s modular design, which supports a wide range of mission systems, software suites, and payloads. This flexibility is considered essential for adapting to evolving Air Force requirements and maintaining a competitive advantage in a rapidly advancing technological landscape. Anduril’s progress occurs amid intensifying competition, particularly from General Atomics and its YFQ-42 platform, which continues to advance its own semi-autonomous flight tests. Ensuring interoperability with other systems and adapting to shifting Air Force priorities remain ongoing challenges for all CCA contenders. The Air Force’s validation of interoperable autonomy architectures across competing platforms further highlights the critical importance of open standards and cross-industry collaboration. Market responses to the YFQ-44A’s achievement reflect heightened interest in the CCA program’s trajectory, as industry stakeholders closely monitor which platforms and autonomy solutions will ultimately shape the future of military aviation. Anduril characterizes the recent flight as a significant milestone for its Lattice for Mission Autonomy system and a key component of broader efforts to deliver autonomy, flexibility, and operational speed to the Air Force. From prototype production to increasingly complex mission testing, Anduril intends to continue expanding the YFQ-44A’s operational capabilities in partnership with the U.S. Air Force and industry collaborators, as the competition to define the next generation of autonomous combat aircraft intensifies.

Rolls-Royce Reports Solid Financial Performance in 2025 Strong Financial Results Amid Ongoing Challenges Rolls-Royce has announced a year of robust financial and strategic progress in 2025, demonstrating significant improvements across all key performance indicators. The company’s transformation programme, implemented over the past three years, has delivered a marked enhancement in operational efficiency and profitability. This progress was achieved despite persistent supply chain constraints, which the group continues to manage proactively. Underlying operating profit rose by more than 40% to £3.46 billion in 2025, up from £2.5 billion in 2024, exceeding analyst expectations of £3.32 billion, according to FactSet. The operating margin improved to 17.3% from 13.8% the previous year, underscoring Rolls-Royce’s evolution into a high-performing, competitive, and growth-oriented enterprise. Division Performance and Operational Efficiency The Civil Aerospace division was a primary contributor to the company’s strong results, with an underlying operating margin of 20.5%, up from 16.6% in 2024. This improvement was driven by enhanced performance in the large engine aftermarket, contractual margin gains, and increased profitability in spare engines. Although engine deliveries declined due to supply chain disruptions, robust aftermarket activity and margin improvements more than compensated for this shortfall. The Defence division recorded an underlying operating margin of 14.4%, slightly higher than the 14.2% achieved in 2024, supported by improved outcomes across transport and combat programmes. Meanwhile, the Power Systems segment saw its operating margin rise to 17.4% from 13.1%, propelled by growth in power generation, particularly in data centres and government-related demand. Group-wide profitability was further bolstered by ongoing efficiency and simplification initiatives. Free cash flow increased to £3.3 billion from £2.4 billion in 2024, driven by higher operating profit, sustained growth in long-term service agreement balances, and strong working capital management, partially offset by net investment. At the end of the year, net cash stood at £1.9 billion, a substantial increase from £475 million a year earlier, while gross debt declined to £2.8 billion following bond repayments. The company maintained strong liquidity at £8.7 billion. Upgraded Outlook and Strategic Initiatives Reflecting its strengthened financial position, Rolls-Royce announced a multiyear share buyback programme of up to $12 billion. The company also raised its 2028 targets, now anticipating underlying operating profit between £4.9 billion and £5.2 billion. Looking ahead, Rolls-Royce projects profits exceeding £4 billion ($5.42 billion) in 2026, driven by continued growth in the aerospace sector. The group’s disciplined cost management and operational efficiency have enhanced its resilience and reduced volatility in free cash flow, positioning Rolls-Royce for sustained growth despite a challenging external environment.

Improving Aviation Safety with Shared Turbulence Data Lufthansa is enhancing aviation safety by participating in the “IATA Turbulence Aware” program, an initiative that collects anonymized, real-time turbulence data from flights operated by member airlines. This collaborative effort provides pilots with immediate insights into atmospheric conditions, thereby improving both flight safety and passenger comfort. A Collaborative Network for Real-Time Turbulence Information Through IATA Turbulence Aware, Lufthansa and its group carriers, Swiss International Air Lines and Edelweiss Air, contribute to a global network where thousands of aircraft are equipped with sensors that continuously measure turbulence intensity. The anonymized data collected is transmitted to a central database, enabling pilots to access detailed turbulence information directly on cockpit navigation displays. Colour-coded symbols indicate the location, altitude, timing, and severity of turbulence, allowing for more precise and efficient flight planning. This real-time data complements traditional weather forecasts, offering a more comprehensive understanding of in-flight conditions. Francesco Sciortino, Hub Manager Frankfurt, highlighted the significance of the program, stating, “With ‘IATA Turbulence Aware’, we are setting new standards for safety and comfort in aviation. This technology enables us to offer our passengers a smoother and more pleasant flight experience while making an important contribution to safety in global aviation.” Challenges and Regulatory Developments Despite its benefits, the integration of shared turbulence data faces several challenges. Regulatory hurdles and the need for data standardization complicate seamless adoption across the industry. Technological complexities, including the integration of new data streams into existing cockpit systems, demand substantial investment and coordination. Furthermore, some airlines remain cautious about the reliability and practical advantages of shared data, prompting competitors to develop their own data collection and analysis capabilities to maintain a competitive edge. Recent regulatory efforts, particularly in the United States, demonstrate a proactive approach to incorporating advanced air mobility and safety innovations. These initiatives seek to address the complexities of data sharing and technological integration, reflecting a broader industry commitment to enhancing aviation safety through collaboration and innovation. As the aviation sector evolves, programs like IATA Turbulence Aware mark a significant advancement toward safer, more efficient, and more comfortable air travel, while underscoring the ongoing necessity for industry-wide cooperation and regulatory support.

Bjorn's Corner: AI and Aircraft Development Planning, Part 29 The Growing Complexity of Aircraft Development Timelines Recent analysis of Part 25 airliner programs reveals a significant extension in development timelines, with the period from program launch to Entry Into Service (EIS) having doubled since the 1960s and 1980s. This trend is particularly pronounced for aircraft developed after 2000 and is primarily attributed to increased complexity. Modern airliners incorporate advanced materials, highly optimized structural designs, and sophisticated avionics and flight control systems that demand extensive software integration. Although digital toolchains and Digital Twins have mitigated some delays, they have not reversed the overall lengthening of development cycles. The pressing question is whether artificial intelligence (AI) can effectively shorten these timelines. The Potential and Limitations of AI in Aircraft Development In previous discussions, four key factors contributing to extended development times were identified: the use of advanced materials, the widespread adoption of advanced electronics, the complexity of Electric Wiring Interconnection Systems (EWIS), and the intricacies of regulatory interaction and oversight. AI demonstrates promise in certain domains, particularly with the advent of generative AI technologies. These systems have the potential to assist in software development for advanced electronic systems by translating requirements into code and performing compliance and efficiency testing. However, the quality of machine-generated code remains inconsistent, and the industry continues to debate its reliability and practical effectiveness. Despite these advances, AI’s spatial intelligence capabilities remain limited. While it can generate static images or short video content, AI struggles with complex spatial tasks such as optimizing wire-bundle layouts for EWIS based on risk analyses. Although future improvements may reduce the engineering workload in these areas, current AI applications have minimal impact. AI’s role in regulatory coordination is even more constrained. Regulatory authorities tend to adopt conservative stances, and AI-generated Means of Compliance (MOCs) or Special Conditions are often perceived as either excessively stringent or insufficiently robust, depending on their origin. The involvement of multiple stakeholders—including regulators, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), and industry groups—adds layers of complexity that typically require traditional negotiation and deliberation rather than automated solutions. Industry Dynamics and the Role of AI These challenges arise amid increasing pressure on major manufacturers such as Airbus and Boeing to raise production rates and make critical decisions regarding future aircraft programs. The market is responding to innovations like the A321XLR and Embraer’s E2, while competitors such as Saab and Divergent Technologies are advancing software-defined fuselage concepts, raising technological expectations. Concurrently, the AI sector itself is highly competitive, with new entrants like DeepSeek and Mistral challenging established players. Investor sentiment is shifting away from speculative AI infrastructure ventures toward industrial sectors that offer more predictable cash flows and tangible assets. Efforts to employ AI tools such as ChatGPT and Gemini during early feasibility phases to generate viable aircraft configurations and features have yielded underwhelming results. Generated outputs were often incomplete and lacked substantive insight, underscoring the current limitations of AI in transforming the earliest stages of aircraft development. While AI holds potential in select areas of aircraft development, significant obstacles remain. The complexity of the industry, the stringent regulatory environment, and the present capabilities of AI technology mean that human expertise and negotiation continue to be indispensable.