Preliminary Report Released on Air India Crash That Killed 260

Pilot Association Calls for Grounding of Air India Boeing 787 Fleet Amid Technical Concerns Repeated Technical Malfunctions Raise Safety Alarms New Delhi — The Federation of Indian Pilots (FIP) has formally urged the Ministry of Civil Aviation to ground all Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner flights immediately, citing a series of persistent technical issues that have raised serious concerns about passenger safety and aircraft reliability. In a letter addressed to the Ministry on Friday, FIP president CS Randhawa emphasized the urgency of the matter, stating that since June 16, 2025, the association has consistently called for comprehensive inspections of all Boeing 787 aircraft in India, particularly focusing on electrical system faults. The FIP has also demanded that the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA), India’s aviation regulator, conduct a special audit of Air India’s Dreamliner fleet to assess the extent of the technical problems and ensure compliance with safety standards. Incidents Prompt Heightened Scrutiny The association’s appeal follows several recent incidents involving Air India’s Boeing 787 aircraft. Notably, an Air India flight approaching Birmingham airport experienced an unexpected auto-deployment of the Ram Air Turbine (RAT), an emergency power system designed to provide backup in critical situations. Another significant event involved flight AI-154 from Vienna to Delhi, which was forced to divert to Dubai after a sudden autopilot failure triggered a series of technical malfunctions onboard. These recurring issues have intensified scrutiny of the Dreamliner fleet within India’s aviation sector. Industry experts warn that ongoing operational challenges could undermine confidence in the aircraft, potentially damaging Air India’s reputation and eroding passenger trust. The situation has also prompted rival airlines to increase vigilance, with many reviewing their own fleets to preempt similar technical difficulties and reassure customers about safety. Regulatory Response and Industry Implications The DGCA has acknowledged the investigations and is reportedly considering comprehensive inspections of all Boeing 787s operating in Indian airspace. Calls for stringent oversight have grown louder as the FIP and other stakeholders stress the critical importance of ensuring passenger safety through rigorous regulatory measures. As of now, neither Air India nor Boeing has issued detailed public statements addressing the pilots’ concerns or outlining specific corrective actions. The Ministry of Civil Aviation is expected to carefully evaluate the FIP’s demands alongside the findings of ongoing investigations before determining whether to impose any grounding orders or implement further regulatory interventions. These developments highlight the challenges confronting Air India and Boeing as they seek to restore confidence in the Dreamliner fleet amid increasing regulatory scrutiny and public concern.

Deloitte Outlines Technology Priorities for 2025 Deloitte has presented a comprehensive vision for the airline industry’s technology priorities in 2025, emphasizing a strategic shift toward digital transformation amid ongoing global challenges. Bryan Terry, US aviation leader, and Vicente Segura, global aviation leader, unveiled these insights at the World Aviation Festival, highlighting how economic uncertainty, geopolitical tensions, and supply chain disruptions are accelerating the sector’s adoption of advanced technologies, particularly artificial intelligence (AI), to foster resilience and growth. Embedding Technology at the Core of Airline Operations Deloitte’s 2025 Global Airline CEO Survey reveals that airline executives are increasingly integrating digital tools into the core of their business models. Despite persistent concerns—50% of CEOs express apprehension about economic and market conditions, while 47% cite geopolitical risks—the industry’s strategic response is firmly anchored in technology adoption. Operational excellence and cost control remain paramount priorities, with 66% and 63% of CEOs respectively emphasizing these areas. Nearly half of the surveyed leaders (47%) identify transformative technologies, including AI, as critical drivers of future growth. This pragmatic stance reflects lessons from the pandemic, where advanced data analytics have become indispensable for enabling precise and agile decision-making. Digital transformation has evolved from a peripheral innovation to a fundamental enabler of operational reliability and execution. Artificial Intelligence as a Driver of Efficiency and Competitiveness AI is rapidly becoming a central mechanism for enhancing efficiency and maintaining competitive advantage within the airline industry. Approximately 47% of airline CEOs plan to increase investment in AI over the coming year, anticipating its impact across several key domains. In revenue management, machine learning models are optimizing pricing strategies, capacity allocation, and demand forecasting. Predictive maintenance benefits from AI-driven analytics that anticipate equipment failures, reduce delays, and extend asset lifespans. Additionally, AI-powered customer experience tools—including chatbots, personalization engines, and disruption management systems—are being deployed to streamline passenger journeys. For airlines, AI is transitioning from a futuristic concept to a practical instrument for reducing operational variability, safeguarding profit margins, and enhancing service reliability. Addressing Risks and Evolving Market Expectations The rapid integration of AI introduces new challenges, particularly in risk management and data sensitivity. As discussed at the Axios AI+ DC Summit, Deloitte and other industry leaders must navigate these complexities to ensure that technological advancements reinforce operational integrity and maintain customer trust. Market expectations are also shifting. Insights from FinTech LIVE London indicate that stakeholders now prioritize seamless, customer-centric experiences over mere technological adoption. This evolution places increased pressure on consulting firms like Deloitte to deliver measurable improvements in both customer engagement and operational performance. Competitive Dynamics and the Human Element While Deloitte’s technology agenda sets a high standard, competitors are swiftly adopting similar approaches, especially in leveraging AI for risk mitigation and data-driven decision-making, to sustain their relevance in a rapidly evolving industry landscape. Beyond technology, workforce and talent strategies remain vital. Leadership development and enhancing the employee experience are essential components for realizing the full benefits of digital transformation. As airlines incorporate advanced technologies, equipping and empowering employees to adapt will be crucial for long-term success. Deloitte’s outlook for 2025 underscores a decisive commitment to technology-driven resilience, with AI and data analytics at the forefront. The industry’s challenge will be to balance innovation with effective risk management while delivering tangible value to customers and employees in an increasingly complex environment.

Delhi-Bound Air India Dreamliner Diverts to Dubai Amid Technical Malfunction An Air India Boeing 787 Dreamliner operating on the Vienna-Delhi route was compelled to divert to Dubai on Thursday night following a technical malfunction, marking the second such incident involving the airline’s Dreamliner fleet within a week. After undergoing thorough checks and an autopilot reset in Dubai, the aircraft resumed its journey and safely landed at Delhi’s Indira Gandhi International Airport around noon on Friday. An Air India spokesperson emphasized that there was no safety risk to passengers throughout the incident. The airline confirmed that the aircraft landed safely in Dubai, where all necessary protocols were followed. Passengers were kept informed and provided with refreshments during the unscheduled stop. The flight departed Dubai at 8:45 am IST and arrived in Delhi at 12:19 pm IST. The spokesperson also clarified that there was no electrical failure on the aircraft. Growing Safety Concerns and Calls for Inspections Despite reassurances from Air India, the incident has intensified scrutiny of the Dreamliner fleet’s reliability. Earlier in the week, on October 4, another Air India Dreamliner experienced an unexpected ram air turbine (RAT) deployment during its final approach to Birmingham. Although the flight landed safely and all systems were reported normal, the event raised further concerns. In response to these recurring technical issues, the Federation of Indian Pilots (FIP) has urged the Ministry of Civil Aviation and the Directorate General of Civil Aviation (DGCA) to ground all Boeing 787 aircraft operating in India. The FIP has called for a comprehensive audit of Air India’s aircraft maintenance procedures, citing ongoing electrical problems. Since June 16, the federation has repeatedly requested detailed inspections of all B787 electrical systems. According to the FIP, the Vienna-Delhi flight suffered significant technical failures, including autopilot disengagement, instrument landing system malfunctions, and degraded flight control systems. These issues forced the pilots to manually operate the aircraft during night conditions. The federation praised the pilots’ skill in safely landing the aircraft despite limited automation, while criticizing Air India for what it described as “poor serviceability” following two electrical malfunctions in quick succession. The DGCA has initiated an investigation into the recent RAT deployment incident, while the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) continues to probe the June 12 crash of Air India flight AI 171, another Dreamliner accident that resulted in fatalities. Industry-Wide Implications and Ongoing Challenges These incidents have drawn heightened attention to Boeing’s Dreamliner fleet globally, prompting increased scrutiny of the aircraft’s safety record. Competitors have seized the opportunity to highlight the reliability of their own fleets amid growing concerns. Meanwhile, Boeing faces additional challenges with delays to its next-generation 777X program, now postponed until 2027, which is expected to incur significant financial charges for the manufacturer. As investigations proceed, regulators and airlines in India confront mounting pressure to restore passenger confidence and uphold stringent safety standards within the country’s rapidly expanding aviation sector.

Inter Airport Europe 2025: Day Three Highlights Innovation Amid Industry Challenges Inter Airport Europe 2025 continued to attract industry leaders and innovators on its third day, fostering productive exchanges centered on the future of airport operations. Syreeta Tranfield, Event Director, reflected on the event’s success, noting that the airport sector had convened to forge new partnerships, strengthen existing collaborations, and showcase a wide array of innovations. She confirmed that the next edition of the event will return to Munich from 12 to 14 October 2027. Addressing Industry Challenges and Technological Advances This year’s conference took place amid significant geopolitical uncertainties, pressing decarbonization goals, and persistent operational challenges confronting airport infrastructure. Industry representatives confronted these issues directly, emphasizing resilience strategies and the transformative role of technology in meeting evolving customer expectations. Business aviation stakeholders also highlighted ongoing tariff disputes and expressed concerns regarding temporary operational bans at certain airports, underscoring the complex regulatory environment. A standout feature of the event was the presentation by Centralny Port Komunikacyjny (CPK) Airport, a greenfield project located southwest of Warsaw with a planned opening in 2032. Designed to become a multimodal transport hub capable of handling up to 100 million passengers annually, CPK is pioneering the integration of artificial intelligence across its operations. Przemysław Kot, Airside Operations Team Manager at CPK, detailed how AI will optimize passenger flows, security screening, ground handling, and energy management. He described AI as the “backbone of CPK’s operational intelligence,” transforming the airport into a smart, efficient, and responsive facility. The airport has also implemented an AI Governance Framework to ensure the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence by all staff. Investment and Sustainability at Liege Airport Liege Airport in Belgium also garnered attention with its ambitious €500 million investment plan aimed at expanding its cargo and logistics capabilities by 2040. As Europe’s fifth-largest cargo hub, Liege is revising its masterplan to include airside expansion, an extension of its second runway, and the acquisition of new ground support equipment. Sustainability remains a central focus, with Celine Petithan, attending Inter Airport Europe for the first time, exploring initiatives such as solar-powered airfield lighting and hybrid or electric fire trucks. The airport is also assessing advanced Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI) systems, with initial requests for proposals anticipated in March next year. The emphasis on next-generation technologies and sustainability at Inter Airport Europe 2025 resonated with themes from the recent ACI World Airport Experience Summit in Guangzhou, where artificial intelligence, biometrics, and innovation were identified as critical to the future of airport development. As airports across Europe and globally navigate market volatility and regulatory pressures, the event highlighted the sector’s dedication to resilience, operational excellence, and delivering a seamless passenger experience. Exhibitors and visitors alike praised the comprehensive range of solutions presented, reaffirming Inter Airport Europe’s status as a crucial platform for shaping the future of aviation in an increasingly dynamic environment.

AB Jets Expands Fleet with First Bombardier Challenger 3500 Delivery Tennessee-based charter operator AB Jets has taken delivery of its first Bombardier Challenger 3500, marking a pivotal advancement in the company’s fleet expansion strategy. The Canadian aerospace manufacturer announced on Thursday that the new super mid-size business jet, boasting a range of 3,400 nautical miles, will complement AB Jets’ existing fleet of nine Learjet 60s. This delivery represents the first of three Challenger 3500 aircraft scheduled to join the operator’s lineup, underscoring AB Jets’ commitment to enhancing its service capabilities. Elevating Service and Performance Andrew Bettis, president of AB Jets, emphasized the significance of the acquisition, describing the Challenger 3500 as the company’s flagship aircraft. He highlighted its ability to deliver enhanced comfort, extended range, and a steadfast focus on safety and reliability, which are central to AB Jets’ operational ethos. Bettis remarked, “This delivery is more than an aircraft handover. It represents the future of AB Jets.” David Turner, co-owner and director of operations, praised Bombardier for producing “an aircraft of absolute perfection” and stressed the company’s responsibility to maintain the jet to the highest standards, ensuring every flight reflects the excellence of its manufacturing. The Challenger 3500 features a spacious cabin outfitted with Bombardier’s patented zero-gravity Nuage seats and a suite of advanced technological innovations designed to elevate the passenger experience. Bombardier characterized the aircraft as an “ideal fit” for AB Jets, which provides supplemental lift services to brokers, flight departments, and operators. Market Context and Industry Challenges The delivery arrives amid a robust business aviation market. Industry data indicates that business jet deliveries in the first half of 2025 have increased by nearly 10 percent compared to the same period in 2024. Market optimism is further supported by JetNet IQ’s forecast of 9,700 aircraft deliveries valued at $335 billion through 2034, driven by stabilized order backlogs and recent legislative changes, including the introduction of 100 percent expensing for business aircraft. Nevertheless, the sector continues to grapple with challenges. At the 2025 JetNet Summit, industry leaders highlighted persistent supply chain disruptions and noted that infrastructure investment timelines frequently lag behind aircraft development cycles, complicating strategic planning for both operators and manufacturers. Competitors such as Dassault Falcon Jet and Embraer Executive Jets are actively addressing these issues by exploring global market opportunities and mitigating supply chain bottlenecks to sustain their competitive positions. Despite these obstacles, Bombardier remains confident in the Challenger 3500’s market appeal. Jean-Christophe Gallagher, executive vice president of aircraft sales and Bombardier Defense, stated that the aircraft offers a best-in-class business aviation experience, combining superior performance, an elevated cabin environment, a smooth ride, and consistent reliability. He added that integrating the Challenger 3500 into AB Jets’ fleet will unlock numerous new charter destinations and expand opportunities for the company’s clientele.

New Alloy Withstands 3,632°F, Promises Reduced Fuel Use in Aviation and Turbines Researchers at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) in Germany have developed a novel alloy that could significantly impact the future of aircraft engines and gas turbines. Composed primarily of chromium, molybdenum, and silicon, this new material exhibits a melting point near 2,000°C (3,632°F), marking a substantial advancement in high-temperature stability among refractory metals. Advancements in High-Temperature Materials The alloy’s exceptional thermal resistance offers a combination of properties previously unseen in similar materials, potentially allowing engines to operate at much higher temperatures. This capability is critical for improving fuel efficiency and reducing emissions, objectives that are increasingly prioritized within both the aviation and energy industries. By enabling higher operating temperatures, the alloy could contribute to more sustainable and cost-effective engine performance. Challenges and Industry Implications Despite its promising attributes, integrating this alloy into current manufacturing processes poses significant challenges. Manufacturers will need to adapt production lines, ensure compliance with rigorous safety standards specific to aviation and turbine applications, and address the financial implications of adopting new materials. These factors represent considerable hurdles, yet the potential for reduced fuel consumption has already attracted attention from companies seeking to enhance both performance and environmental sustainability. The development is also expected to stimulate intensified research and development efforts across the sector. Competitors may accelerate their own advanced materials programs or pursue strategic partnerships to gain access to this technology. Furthermore, additive manufacturing is being investigated as a complementary approach, particularly for managing thermal challenges in emerging electric aircraft propulsion systems. The synergy between advanced alloys and innovative manufacturing techniques could open new avenues for the design of next-generation engines. As the industry continues to assess the practicalities of adopting this alloy, its potential to transform engine efficiency and design remains a central focus for manufacturers and researchers worldwide.

Advances in Air Mobility Open New Opportunities The integration of electric, vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL), and other advanced air mobility (AAM) aircraft into the U.S. national airspace marks a transformative moment for aviation. This evolution brings with it pressing questions regarding certification, safety, and operational frameworks. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has begun addressing these issues, most notably through the release of the final Modernization of Special Airworthiness Certification (MOSAIC) rule, unveiled at this year’s EAA AirVenture event in Oshkosh, Wisconsin. Regulatory Shifts and Industry Impact MOSAIC represents a landmark change for sport pilots and the wider general aviation community. The rule replaces previous rigid weight and seating restrictions with performance-based criteria, while expanding pilot privileges to include operations such as night flying. Crucially, it broadens the light sport aircraft (LSA) category to encompass widely used general aviation models like the Cessna 172 Skyhawk and Cirrus SR22, as well as emerging VTOL designs with up to two seats. The rule also accommodates aircraft powered by electric, hydrogen, or other alternative propulsion systems. Jack Pelton, CEO and board chairman of the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA), described MOSAIC as “one of the most significant rule packages for general aviation in the past 75 years.” He highlighted that next year’s AirVenture will feature a dedicated showcase of vertical lift technology, underscoring the growing importance of this sector. Beyond MOSAIC, the FAA has introduced additional regulatory measures to support the AAM industry. In July, the agency published an advisory circular outlining certification pathways for larger VTOL aircraft intended for commercial use. This guidance specifically addresses “powered-lift” designs, including models such as Joby Aviation’s S4, Archer Aviation’s Midnight, Beta Technologies’ Alia-250, and Wisk Aero’s Generation 6. The circular aims to clarify the requirements under Part 21 for special class aircraft, providing manufacturers with a clearer route to certification. Industry leaders have responded positively to these developments. Beta Technologies described the new FAA guidance as a “critical achievement,” emphasizing its role in establishing a more predictable certification process while maintaining rigorous safety standards. A company spokesperson noted that this progress represents a vital step toward the commercialization of AAM operations. Market Momentum and Emerging Challenges The regulatory advances coincide with a surge in market enthusiasm and investment. Joby Aviation’s stock price, for instance, experienced significant gains following major commercial agreements and increased FAA support. The White House has also mandated the creation of an eVTOL integration pilot program (eIPP), designed to explore a range of applications from passenger transport to medical logistics. A Joby representative stated that this directive reinforces their mission to deliver safe air taxi services across the United States and encourages the FAA to expedite regulatory and operational frameworks essential for industry growth. Despite this momentum, the path ahead remains complex. Regulatory challenges, safety considerations, and technological constraints continue to pose significant obstacles. In response, competitors are forging strategic partnerships and achieving technical milestones. Vertaxi has advanced its technical validations, XPeng AeroHT is targeting markets aligned with the Belt and Road Initiative, and Vertical Aerospace has successfully conducted wingborne cruise tests. Collaborative efforts such as Skyportz’s vertipad landing system further demonstrate the sector’s dynamic innovation. As the regulatory environment evolves and industry participants accelerate innovation, advanced air mobility stands poised to redefine the movement of people and goods, unlocking new opportunities while confronting multifaceted challenges.

Swiss International Air Lines Takes Delivery of First Airbus A350-900 Swiss International Air Lines (SWISS), a member of the Lufthansa Group, has officially received its first Airbus A350-900 aircraft, marking a pivotal advancement in the airline’s fleet modernization efforts. This widebody aircraft, the initial unit of a ten-aircraft order, is poised to become the flagship of SWISS’s long-haul operations. It will be deployed on key routes from Zurich, including services to Boston, thereby reinforcing the airline’s global network and long-distance connectivity. Enhanced Passenger Experience and Environmental Performance The A350-900 introduces the new SWISS Senses cabin, featuring a four-class configuration designed to elevate passenger comfort and onboard experience. Recognized as one of the most advanced widebody aircraft globally, the A350-900 incorporates cutting-edge engines and lightweight composite materials that contribute to superior fuel efficiency and reduced operating costs. These technological advancements also result in significantly lower carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions compared to earlier aircraft models. Notably, the A350 is capable of operating with up to 50% Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF), aligning with broader industry objectives to achieve full SAF compatibility by 2030. Competitive and Operational Context SWISS’s fleet renewal occurs within a highly dynamic and competitive aviation landscape. The Lufthansa Group has announced plans to streamline its long-haul fleet by 2030, reducing the number of aircraft types from 14 to eight. This consolidation strategy is expected to intensify competition and exert pricing pressures across the group’s airlines, including SWISS. Meanwhile, rival carriers are actively expanding their long-haul operations. Cathay Pacific has resumed flights between Seattle and Hong Kong using its own A350-900s, and Air India has increased its UK connectivity by adding a fourth daily service between Delhi and London. These developments may prompt further competitive responses in key international markets served by SWISS. Operational challenges have also emerged during the introduction of the new aircraft. A recent incident involved a SWISS flight departing Boston that was forced to abort takeoff after flames and smoke were detected from one of its engines. Although no injuries occurred, the event highlights the complexities associated with integrating new aircraft types while maintaining stringent safety standards. Despite these challenges, the Airbus A350-900 continues to enjoy strong demand worldwide. By the end of September 2025, Airbus had secured over 1,400 orders for the model from 63 customers, underscoring widespread industry confidence in the aircraft’s performance and sustainability credentials. With the arrival of its first A350-900, SWISS aims to enhance its long-haul service offering, improve environmental sustainability, and sustain its competitive position in an evolving global aviation market.

CDB Aviation Delivers Two A320neo Aircraft to Azerbaijan Airlines CDB Aviation has successfully delivered two Airbus A320neo aircraft to Azerbaijan Airlines (AZAL), with the second aircraft handed over on October 9 at Blagnac, France. This delivery marks a pivotal advancement in AZAL’s ongoing fleet modernization initiative, which aims to replace older A320 and A319 models with newer, more fuel-efficient jets. Fleet Modernization and Engine Variants The latest A320neo delivered to AZAL is equipped with CFM LEAP-1 engines, distinguishing it from the airline’s earlier A320neo aircraft, which feature Pratt & Whitney GTF engines. The leasing agreement for these two aircraft was announced in June 2024, underscoring AZAL’s commitment to upgrading its narrowbody fleet and improving operational efficiency. This move complements a firm order placed by AZAL with Airbus in 2023 for 12 additional A320neo family jets. The first of these, registered as VP-BAK, was delivered in September. Currently, AZAL operates three other A320neo aircraft powered by Pratt & Whitney engines, although two of these remain grounded. Operational Challenges and Market Context As AZAL integrates the new A320neo aircraft into its operations, the airline faces several challenges, particularly in maintaining a mixed-engine fleet. Ensuring adequate maintenance support for both CFM LEAP-1 and Pratt & Whitney GTF engines will be critical during this transition. Furthermore, the introduction of these new aircraft occurs amid intensifying competition from regional carriers, many of which are also expanding and modernizing their fleets with similar next-generation models. Market analysts suggest that AZAL’s fleet expansion may invite increased scrutiny from aviation authorities, especially concerning the airline’s operational capacity and compliance with safety standards. This development could prompt competitors to reassess their own fleet modernization strategies and operational plans to sustain their competitive positions in the evolving regional aviation market. The delivery of these two A320neo aircraft represents a significant milestone for Azerbaijan Airlines as it seeks to enhance its standing in the regional aviation sector while managing the complexities associated with fleet integration and heightened industry competition.

Pan Am Moves Closer to Revival as Avi8 Finalizes Relaunch Strategy Avi8 Air Capital (Avi8) has completed its business plan for the potential relaunch of Pan American World Airways (Pan Am) as a scheduled airline, marking a pivotal advancement in the effort to revive one of aviation’s most iconic brands. This follows a partnership formed in June 2025 between Pan Am brands, under Pan American Global Holdings LLC, and Avi8 Air Capital to explore the feasibility of reintroducing the Pan Am® name to commercial aviation. Certification and Operational Plans With the business plan finalized, Pan Am has formally initiated the certification process with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), a crucial step toward becoming a fully certified U.S. Part 121 scheduled carrier. This process remains subject to approvals from both the FAA and the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Avi8 has assembled a team of experienced aviation professionals to lead the certification effort and has already secured preliminary support from aircraft lessors and key industry partners, reflecting confidence in the project’s progress. Should certification be granted, Pan Am® intends to base its operations in Miami, capitalizing on the city’s historic connection to the airline and its strategic role as a gateway to the Americas. The revived carrier plans to operate a fleet of Airbus aircraft, aiming to combine Pan Am’s legacy of innovation and style with modern technology and operational efficiency. Challenges and Market Outlook Despite the momentum, Pan Am’s return faces significant challenges. The airline will enter a highly competitive market dominated by established carriers, requiring it to differentiate itself amid industry saturation. Maintaining operational excellence and living up to the high expectations associated with the Pan Am brand will be critical. Market reactions have been mixed; while some investors are optimistic about the revival of a storied name, others remain cautious due to the risks posed by high valuations and intense competition. Established competitors are likely to respond with enhanced marketing efforts, pricing strategies, and new partnerships to protect their market share. Avi8 brings substantial expertise to the venture, with a four-decade track record that includes launching U.S. regional airlines, leading the privatization of a major international carrier, guiding certification for two U.S. Part 121 airlines, and developing a $2 billion aircraft leasing platform for a global investment bank. Further updates on the certification process and subsequent developments are anticipated in the coming months as Pan Am and Avi8 continue their efforts to restore the airline’s legacy within a rapidly evolving industry.