Tinci Materials Technology to Supply Electrolytes to Zhongchuang Innovation Aviation

Kazakhstan Acquires eVTOL Aircraft to Launch Air Taxi Service in Alatau Kazakhstan has taken a significant step toward modernizing urban transportation by acquiring electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft to initiate the country’s first Urban Air Mobility (UAM) project in Alatau. This initiative is designed to establish a dedicated testing site for certification and demonstration flights, with the ultimate objective of integrating air taxis into the broader transportation networks of Alatau and the nearby city of Almaty. Advancing Smart City Development Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development, Zhaslan Madiyev, emphasized the strategic importance of this acquisition, describing it as a milestone in the development of smart cities and the adoption of cutting-edge technologies. He highlighted Kazakhstan’s commitment to embracing innovative transportation solutions, envisioning Alatau as a model city shaped by future-oriented technologies. Challenges and Competitive Landscape Despite the promising outlook, the project faces considerable challenges. Regulatory frameworks remain a critical obstacle, as the safe integration of eVTOL aircraft into existing airspace and transportation systems demands rigorous certification and safety protocols. Furthermore, technological integration will be essential to ensure that these new aircraft operate effectively alongside current infrastructure. Kazakhstan’s entry into the UAM sector also places it within a highly competitive global market. Established companies such as Archer Aviation and Joby Aviation have already advanced their air taxi programs, with Archer securing prominent partnerships with United Airlines and Korean Air. These developments may prompt intensified competition as global players respond to Kazakhstan’s initiative by accelerating their own projects and expanding collaborations. Market Response and Future Prospects Reactions to Kazakhstan’s move have been mixed. While the government’s initiative is widely regarded as a progressive step toward smart city development, some traditional aviation stakeholders have expressed reservations regarding the practicality and safety of widespread eVTOL adoption. Nonetheless, Kazakhstan’s UAM project in Alatau represents a bold and forward-looking effort to position the country at the forefront of next-generation urban transportation, potentially transforming mobility within and between cities in the region.

Satair and GAMECO Expand Airbus Material Support Partnership Satair has formalized a new letter of intent (LOI) with Guangzhou Aircraft Maintenance Engineering Company (GAMECO) to broaden their Integrated Material Services (IMS) programme, now incorporating material support for the Airbus A350 platform. This development builds upon the successful performance of IMS since its launch in 2022 and strengthens a strategic collaboration that dates back to 2008, when the two companies first partnered on material support initiatives. Consolidation and Enhanced Efficiency The new agreement consolidates all existing support services into a single, exclusive IMS framework. This unified structure aims to streamline operations and enhance efficiency across multiple Airbus aircraft types, including the A350, A330, and A320. GAMECO stands to benefit from expedited access to materials and improved logistics through a combination of locally consigned expendable parts and Satair’s extensive global stock network. This approach ensures immediate availability of components while simultaneously reducing operating costs and capital expenditure. To further bolster operational performance and cost management, Satair will deploy a dedicated team on-site to collaborate closely with GAMECO’s maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) operations. Andy Lee, Managing Director of Satair China, emphasized the significance of the agreement, stating, “This LOI is a testament to the long-term strategic relationship we have forged with GAMECO. The planned expansion is a direct result of the strong performance and confirmed savings delivered by our partnership, which has ramped up considerably since the introduction of IMS in 2022.” He added that the partnership provides GAMECO with a foundation for simplified operations and optimized efficiency, particularly in support of their growing A350 capabilities. Navigating Industry Challenges The expanded agreement arrives amid ongoing supply chain challenges within the aviation sector. Delays in aircraft production and parts delivery threaten to impose costs exceeding $11 billion on airlines in 2025. Both Satair and GAMECO face the imperative to mitigate these risks as competitors and manufacturers increasingly assume active roles in supply chain management to ensure timely repairs and minimize operational disruptions. In response to these challenges, Satair has introduced the Cargo Robust floor panel product, designed to offer greater flexibility in repair strategies for Airbus aircraft. This innovation is intended to assist airlines and MRO providers in managing inventory more effectively and adapting to supply chain uncertainties. By consolidating services under an exclusive agreement and introducing new solutions, Satair and GAMECO reinforce their positions as key global support partners for Airbus platforms. Their collaboration is strategically positioned to address industry headwinds while delivering reliable and cost-effective material support to customers worldwide.

Somon Air Orders Up to 14 Boeing Jets, Including Four 787-9s Somon Air, the national airline of Tajikistan, has reached an agreement with Boeing to acquire up to 14 new aircraft, comprising four 787-9 Dreamliners and ten 737-8s. The deal, formalized during the C5+1 Summit in the United States on November 6, represents a significant step in the airline’s fleet renewal strategy and its ambitions to expand internationally. Expanding Reach with Widebody Aircraft The introduction of the 787-9 widebody jets will enable Somon Air to inaugurate long-haul routes for the first time, substantially extending its operational reach beyond the current network. At present, the airline operates six Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft, serving 25 destinations across Europe, Asia, and the Middle East. The addition of the 787-9s marks Somon Air’s initial venture into widebody operations, signaling a strategic shift towards broader international connectivity. Modernizing the Fleet with 737-8s The order also includes up to ten 737-8 narrowbody jets, which are expected to modernize and enhance the efficiency of the existing fleet. Boeing has highlighted that these new aircraft will offer a 20 to 25 percent improvement in fuel efficiency compared to the models they replace. Beyond the operational benefits, the agreement is anticipated to support over 11,000 jobs in the United States once finalized, underscoring its economic impact. Challenges and Regional Implications Despite the promising prospects, the ambitious fleet expansion presents considerable challenges. The substantial upfront costs and complex financing arrangements required for acquiring new jets, particularly the 787-9s, may test Somon Air’s financial resilience. Industry analysts are closely monitoring how effectively the airline can integrate these advanced aircraft into its operations and leverage them to enhance its international presence. This development is also expected to influence the competitive dynamics within Central Asia’s aviation sector. Regional carriers such as Air Astana and Uzbekistan Airways may accelerate their own fleet renewal and expansion initiatives in response, potentially intensifying competition in the market. Founded in 2008, Somon Air serves as the official carrier for Tajikistan’s president and continues to position itself as a key player in Central Asian aviation. The new Boeing order underscores the airline’s commitment to modernization and growth, even as it navigates the operational and financial complexities associated with such a significant fleet upgrade.

Wizz Air Postpones Airbus Deliveries and Revises Long-Haul Aircraft Orders Wizz Air announced on Friday that it will delay the delivery of 88 Airbus jets until fiscal year 2033, extending the timeline by three years from its original schedule. This strategic shift reflects the Hungary-based budget airline’s renewed emphasis on profitability amid challenging market conditions. In addition to the postponement, Wizz Air has scaled back its long-haul aircraft commitments by converting orders for 36 A321XLR long-range jets to the shorter-range A321neo model. Consequently, the airline’s total A321XLR order has been reduced from 47 to 11 aircraft, while its overall orderbook remains unchanged at 273 planes. Financial Pressures and Fleet Strategy The decision follows a period of financial strain for Wizz Air, exacerbated by engine-related groundings affecting its Airbus fleet, which contributed to missed profit targets in the first quarter of the year. The airline has reaffirmed its goal to operate an entirely neo-generation, fuel-efficient fleet by 2029, underscoring its commitment to sustainability and cost efficiency. However, industry analysts caution that these fleet adjustments may weigh on near-term profitability due to operational disruptions and the potential expenses involved in extending the service life of older aircraft. Industry Context and Competitive Implications Wizz Air’s fleet revisions occur against a backdrop of widespread supply chain disruptions within the aerospace sector, as reported by the International Air Transport Association. These challenges have delayed aircraft production timelines and compelled European carriers to reconsider their fleet strategies. The continued dominance of Airbus’s A320 series, coupled with these supply constraints, is reshaping competitive dynamics across the aviation industry. Airlines adjusting their orders and fleet compositions, like Wizz Air, are likely to influence operational efficiency and financial outcomes throughout the sector. Wizz Air’s recent announcements highlight the intricate balancing act budget airlines face as they manage supply limitations, shifting market demands, and the pursuit of sustainable profitability in a volatile environment.

Over 100 Flights Delayed at IGI Airport Due to ATC Software Glitch A significant software malfunction in the Automatic Message Switching System of Indira Gandhi International (IGI) Airport’s Air Traffic Control (ATC) caused extensive flight delays on Thursday, affecting over 100 flights. The technical failure compelled air traffic controllers to revert to manual processing of flight plans, considerably slowing down operations and triggering widespread disruptions for airlines and passengers alike. Disruptions and Operational Challenges Authorities have yet to specify when normal operations will resume, with delays anticipated to continue until the ATC system is fully restored and the accumulated backlog of flights is managed. The situation is further complicated by persistent staffing shortages among air traffic controllers, a problem intensified by the ongoing government shutdown. Nearly half of the country’s major air traffic control facilities are currently understaffed, with some regions, including New York, reporting up to 90 percent of controllers unavailable. These challenges raise serious concerns about the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) capacity to maintain efficient air traffic management amid simultaneous technical and personnel constraints. Impact on Airlines and Passengers Air India, IndiGo, and SpiceJet were among the carriers most affected by the disruption, issuing travel advisories and urging passengers to verify live flight statuses before arriving at the airport. Airlines are actively adjusting schedules and exploring rerouting options to mitigate further delays. Passengers are experiencing extended waiting times, potential missed connections, and heightened uncertainty as the situation develops. Passenger Guidance and Safety Assurance Travelers affected by delays are advised to consult their airline’s official website or social media channels for the most current information. Those already checked in should remain at the airport, as gate changes and boarding announcements may occur with minimal notice. Passengers are cautioned against relying solely on third-party flight tracking applications, as official airline communications provide the most reliable updates. Despite the operational difficulties, aviation authorities have emphasized that flight safety remains uncompromised. Air traffic controllers are adhering to established manual protocols and conducting all necessary safety checks to ensure secure flight operations throughout the technical outage. The incident at IGI Airport underscores broader vulnerabilities within the aviation sector, particularly as technical failures coincide with staffing shortages linked to the government shutdown. The FAA’s response is being closely monitored, as ongoing disruptions could invite increased scrutiny of air traffic management and operational resilience. As restoration efforts continue, passengers are urged to stay informed and prepare for potential extended delays. The situation remains fluid, with further updates expected as progress is made.

EHang Plans Affordable Air Taxi Service Launch in China Within Three Years Ambitions for Urban Air Mobility Chinese air-taxi pioneer EHang has announced plans to commence commercial air taxi services from base airports across China within the next three years, with fares expected to start at approximately $28 per trip. This initiative underscores the company’s ambition to make urban air mobility widely accessible. Earlier this year, EHang became the first company worldwide to receive approval from the Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC) to operate electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) aircraft commercially, marking a significant milestone in the development of the sector. Currently, EHang’s regulatory approval is limited to flights that begin and end at the same location. The company intends to focus initially on sightseeing flights in cities such as Guangzhou and Hefei. It is also exploring airport transfer services, which are anticipated to be priced lower than scenic tours due to fewer operational constraints. Conor Yang, EHang’s chief financial officer, highlighted Beijing’s strategic emphasis on developing a “low-altitude economy,” referring to activities within airspace below 1,000 meters. Yang noted that air taxi rides are projected to cost between 200 and 300 yuan ($28–$42), making them more expensive than premium rides on China’s DiDi platform but still more affordable than luxury-class transfers. To support scalability, EHang has developed software designed to enable the simultaneous operation of multiple two-seat EH216-S air taxis, aiming to enhance fleet management efficiency. Challenges and Market Context Despite these ambitious plans, EHang faces considerable challenges. Its new VT35 eVTOL aircraft, which offers a range of up to 200 kilometers, is still undergoing airworthiness certification, with no definitive delivery timeline announced. The company’s announcement has elicited mixed reactions amid intensifying global competition in the urban air mobility market. U.S.-based Archer Aviation, for instance, is actively testing its electric eVTOL Midnight in Dubai and has attracted substantial investor interest. Archer’s stock has surged over 300% in the past year, supported by a reported $6 billion order book. The broader urban air mobility sector is projected to be worth trillions of dollars, drawing significant investment and participation from major industry players worldwide. In addition to competition within the air taxi market, advancements in autonomous ground transportation may influence the sector’s trajectory. Uber plans to launch autonomous taxi rides in San Francisco next year and aims to deploy 20,000 autonomous taxis by 2032. These developments could reshape urban mobility patterns and affect consumer adoption of air taxi services. EHang’s success in launching and scaling its air taxi service will depend on overcoming regulatory hurdles, achieving technological readiness, and maintaining competitive pricing. The company’s plans reflect China’s broader ambitions to lead in accessible air transport, but realizing these goals will require sustained regulatory support, technological progress, and market acceptance.

Operating Costs of a Boeing 747 Freighter in 2025 The Boeing 747 has long been a cornerstone of global cargo operations, with the majority of the remaining aircraft in service today functioning as freighters or converted passenger jets. While only a limited number of 747-400 passenger variants remain—primarily with Lufthansa—the final 747-8 model saw over 150 orders, mostly for purpose-built freighters. The last 747-400 freighter was delivered in 2009, meaning even the youngest aircraft in this category is now at least 15 years old. Although these older jets are typically fully depreciated, their high fuel consumption presents an increasing operational challenge. Fuel Costs: A Growing Challenge Fuel continues to represent the largest single operating expense for the Boeing 747-400F. Historically, cargo airlines have tolerated the aircraft’s relatively high fuel burn in exchange for lower capital costs. However, this trade-off is becoming less tenable as newer widebody freighters enter the market, offering significant efficiency gains. Models such as the Airbus A350F and Boeing 777-8F are poised to replace older aircraft, consuming only half to two-thirds of the fuel required by a 747-400F on comparable routes. Airbus asserts that the A350F achieves 20% lower fuel burn than the current 777F and surpasses the efficiency of Boeing’s forthcoming 777-8F. Both new-generation freighters are expected to be two generations ahead of the 747-400F in fuel efficiency, with the A350F projected to reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by approximately 40% compared to the quad-engine 747-400F. Volatility in fuel prices further complicates the economic landscape. Although fuel costs in 2025 have decreased relative to 2024—temporarily easing operational expenses for the 747-400F—the aircraft remains highly susceptible to future fuel price fluctuations. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) and consulting firm Oliver Wyman have warned that supply chain disruptions could impose costs exceeding $11 billion on airlines in 2025, with excess fuel consumption from operating older, less efficient aircraft like the 747-400F identified as a major factor. Maintenance and Supply Chain Pressures The aging global fleet of 747-400 freighters is driving a sharp increase in maintenance costs. For example, Atlas Air operates 48 of these jets, with an average age exceeding 25 years. The complexity of quad-engine aircraft such as the 747-400F results in higher maintenance expenses compared to modern twin-engine freighters. Maintenance now constitutes a significant portion of non-fuel operating costs, with a single D-check estimated to cost between $4 million and $8 million, depending on the extent of work required. Additionally, ongoing supply chain challenges have led to rising engine leasing fees and increased costs associated with surplus inventory, further elevating the total cost of ownership. Competitive Landscape and Future Outlook In light of escalating fuel and maintenance costs, alongside persistent supply chain disruptions, many airlines are exploring alternative freighter options, including the Boeing 787 and new-generation Airbus models. This shift reflects a broader industry trend away from older aircraft like the 747-400F. As next-generation freighters enter service, the economic rationale for operating legacy quad-engine jets will become increasingly difficult to sustain, heralding a new phase in the evolution of air cargo fleets.

Archer Aviation Acquires Hawthorne Airport to Establish Los Angeles Air Taxi Hub Ahead of 2028 Olympics Archer Aviation, a US-based electric air taxi company, has finalized the purchase of Hawthorne Municipal Airport for $126 million, marking a significant step in its strategy to develop a major operational hub in the Los Angeles area ahead of the 2028 Summer Olympics. The acquisition, announced on November 6, positions Archer just a few miles from Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), enabling the company to accelerate its plans to launch passenger-carrying electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) services in one of the nation’s busiest urban centers. Strategic Importance of Hawthorne Airport The 80-acre Hawthorne Regional Airport, also known as Jack Northrop Field, offers 190,000 square feet of terminal, office, and hangar space. Archer has described the site as a “one-of-a-kind Los Angeles asset” and intends to utilize it as a testing ground for new AI-driven operational and air traffic control technologies. These innovations are being developed in partnership with airlines and technology firms, including United Airlines, which has maintained a longstanding collaboration with Archer to explore air taxi operations that could integrate with United’s domestic and international networks in densely populated urban areas such as Los Angeles. Archer’s acquisition reflects growing interest in urban air mobility, a sector that the company estimates could reach a global market value in the trillions of dollars. Archer currently holds a $6 billion order book, and its stock price has surged nearly 300% over the past year. This rapid growth has intensified competition, prompting established players to forge strategic partnerships. United Airlines’ collaboration with Archer exemplifies this trend, as industry leaders seek to keep pace with technological advancements and evolving market demands. Challenges and Financial Outlook Despite the promising outlook, Archer faces considerable challenges in bringing its piloted, four-passenger eVTOL aircraft, named Midnight, to market. The company must navigate complex regulatory environments, integrate advanced AI systems into airport operations, and compete with established airports like LAX, which is undergoing a $30 billion renovation in preparation for the Olympics. These factors could influence regional airport dynamics and impact Archer’s operational timeline. Financially, Archer reports holding over $1.6 billion in liquidity to support its aircraft development programs, including a hybrid-electric variant developed in partnership with defense technology firm Anduril. However, the company remains under pressure to commence revenue-generating operations as certification timelines for eVTOL aircraft continue to extend. In the nine months ending September 30, Archer posted a net loss of $429 million, including $130 million in the third quarter alone. In its latest filing with the US Securities and Exchange Commission, Archer acknowledged ongoing losses and forecasted higher operating expenses in the near term, while affirming it has sufficient cash reserves to fund its programs for at least the next 12 months. Last month, Archer further expanded its technological portfolio by acquiring the assets of the defunct German eVTOL developer Lilium, securing more than 300 patents related to the Lilium Jet platform. As the 2028 Olympics approach, Archer’s acquisition of Hawthorne Airport highlights both the potential and the challenges confronting the emerging urban air mobility industry in Los Angeles and beyond.

Unmanned Aerial Systems and Military Rotorcraft The Global Defence Aviation Conference (GDA25), held in Warsaw from 21 to 23 October 2025, brought together over 900 delegates, 100 industry exhibitors, and military representatives from 85 countries to explore the evolving landscape of Uncrewed Aerial Systems (UAS) and military rotorcraft. The conference highlighted the rapid pace of technological adaptation, drawing on operational lessons from Ukraine and recent advances in autonomy, electronic warfare (EW), and manned-unmanned teaming (MUM-T) to shape the discourse on modern air power. Accelerating Modernisation in Response to Emerging Threats The imperative to modernise military aviation capabilities was a dominant theme throughout the conference, particularly in light of recent Russian drone incursions into Polish airspace. Poland and its allies are accelerating innovation cycles to counter the growing threat posed by drones. Leonardo’s unveiling of the Proteus autonomous UAS, developed in collaboration with the Royal Navy, exemplifies this shift. Set for its maiden flight by late 2025, Proteus incorporates a modular payload bay designed to support a wide range of missions, including intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR), anti-submarine warfare (ASW), and logistics. This approach reflects a broader design philosophy prioritising modularity, scalability, and mission adaptability. The United Kingdom’s forthcoming Defence Investment Plan and the 2025 Strategic Defence Review were frequently referenced as frameworks to streamline acquisition processes, expedite procurement, and enhance interoperability. A newly appointed National Armaments Director will oversee efforts to keep pace with innovations in UAS and rotary-wing technologies. Officials emphasised the importance of coalition operations, noting that while NATO remains central, partnerships extend beyond the alliance. France reaffirmed the continued relevance of crewed helicopters amid the increasing prevalence of drone technology. The H160M Guépard MUM-T programme, developed jointly with Thales and Airbus, recently achieved its first prototype flight, with deliveries anticipated by 2029. Airbus also outlined its transformation from a traditional original equipment manufacturer (OEM) into a more agile support partner, embedding maintenance teams alongside end-users and advancing the testing of Air-Launched Effect (ALE) systems across Europe. These ALEs, designed for deployment from rotary platforms, enhance survivability by enabling standoff reconnaissance and strike capabilities. Integration Challenges and Market Dynamics Despite significant progress, integrating advanced autonomous technologies into existing military operations continues to present challenges. Representatives from the 25th Infantry Division expressed concerns about the operational burden placed on smaller units tasked with managing drone operations, underscoring the trade-offs and skepticism surrounding the full potential of autonomous systems. Industry competitors are responding with rapid innovation. ZIYAN introduced the F15 UAV Docking Station, which facilitates fully autonomous operations, while Skyways has successfully completed beyond-visual-line-of-sight (BVLOS) deliveries using long-range cargo UAVs. Wrap Technologies showcased the MERLIN-Interdictor, a non-lethal drone interdiction system, and the Czech defense group CSG announced a strategic pivot from traditional weapons manufacturing to drone technology through the launch of AviaNera Technologies. Adapting to Geographic and Operational Realities Geographical and environmental factors continue to shape innovation in military aviation. The Royal Canadian Air Force detailed its recapitalisation programme for 2026–2032, which must accommodate extreme Arctic conditions, including the requirement for aircraft to cold-start after 24 hours at temperatures as low as −40°C. A speaker highlighted the unique operational challenges by noting that some Canadian helicopter bases are geographically closer to Moscow than to Ottawa. The proposed use of Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) for emergency rescue kit delivery further illustrates the expanding role of UAS in diverse and demanding environments. The GDA25 underscored that the future of military aviation depends on the seamless integration of uncrewed systems and rotorcraft, balancing technological innovation with operational realities and market skepticism. The ongoing race to modernise is driven by innovation, adaptability, and international collaboration.

Bangladesh Confirms Order for 25 Boeing Aircraft Amid Airbus Competition Bangladesh has officially placed an order for 25 wide-body aircraft from Boeing, a senior official from the country’s commerce ministry confirmed on Thursday. This commitment forms part of a broader tariff agreement with the United States, aimed at addressing trade imbalances. However, European diplomats are actively promoting Airbus as an alternative supplier, intensifying competition in the country’s aviation procurement process. Mahbubur Rahman, a senior commerce ministry representative, stated, “We made a commitment and ordered 25 wide-bodies, and we expect to receive the first one in 2029. It’s part of the tariff deal with the US.” The agreement follows a trade deal reached in August 2024, which sought to reduce tariffs imposed by the Trump administration. Under the terms, Bangladesh agreed not only to purchase Boeing aircraft but also to increase imports of US wheat, cotton, and oil, measures intended to help narrow the country’s trade deficit. Strategic Considerations and Industry Dynamics The Boeing order arrives amid significant political and economic challenges for Bangladesh. The country is still recovering from a student-led uprising in August 2024 that led to the ousting of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. As the world’s second-largest exporter of garments, Bangladesh’s economy remains closely tied to its trade relations with the United States, which accounts for 20% of its ready-made garment exports. Despite the Boeing deal, Bangladesh is actively evaluating competing offers from Airbus. Rahman acknowledged that an assessment of proposals from both manufacturers is underway. According to the state-run BSS news agency, Biman Bangladesh Airlines, the national carrier, is reviewing Airbus’s proposal to supply 10 A350 wide-body and four A320neo narrow-body aircraft. Boeing’s offer includes 10 787 Dreamliners and four 737 MAX jets. Currently, Bangladesh’s fleet comprises 19 aircraft, with approximately 14 manufactured by Boeing. European envoys have intensified their lobbying efforts in Dhaka. EU Ambassador Michael Miller recently emphasized the potential of Bangladesh’s aviation sector and expressed the European Union’s interest in securing a stake in the market. The European aviation industry itself is increasingly favoring Airbus, highlighted by Flynas’s recent acquisition of the 12,260th A320, making it the most delivered commercial jet and surpassing the Boeing 737. Airbus aims to increase deliveries by 7% this year through supply chain enhancements and strengthened supplier agreements. The competitive landscape is further complicated by emerging players. Brazilian manufacturer Embraer has signaled its intention to challenge the Boeing-Airbus duopoly, potentially reshaping global market dynamics. Additionally, India’s Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd (HAL), in partnership with Russia, plans to produce SJ-100 jets, which could disrupt the dominance of the two Western manufacturers. Economic and Political Context Bangladesh’s textile and garment sector, which accounts for roughly 80% of its exports, is gradually recovering from the unrest of 2024. The United States remains a critical market, and earlier this year, former President Trump threatened to impose tariffs as high as 37% on Bangladesh’s cotton products—more than double the existing 16%. Following the August trade agreement, this tariff was reduced to 20%. Currently governed by an interim administration, Bangladesh is preparing for national elections scheduled for February 2026. As the country weighs its options between Boeing, Airbus, and emerging competitors, the outcome of this procurement process may have significant implications for the future of its aviation sector and broader trade relations.