Lessons from Aviation Safety for Artificial Intelligence

Cyberattack Disrupts Operations at Major European Airports On Saturday, a coordinated cyberattack severely disrupted operations at several major European airports, including London Heathrow, Brussels Airport, and Berlin Brandenburg. The assault targeted essential check-in and boarding systems by compromising a key service provider, forcing airports to abandon automated processes and revert to manual procedures. This shift caused significant delays and operational challenges across the affected hubs. Impact on Passenger Processing Systems The attack focused on the MUSE software platform, developed by Collins Aerospace, which is widely used for passenger processing across numerous airlines and airports. With the automated systems rendered inoperable, airlines and airport authorities urged travelers to verify their flight status before arriving at the airport. Although the initial disruption did not result in widespread cancellations, the reliance on manual check-in and boarding led to considerable slowdowns, underscoring the aviation sector’s dependence on digital infrastructure. Security Vulnerabilities and Industry Response Cybersecurity experts highlighted the incident as a stark illustration of vulnerabilities within the aviation industry’s security framework, particularly concerning third-party digital platforms. Travel analyst Paul Charles described the attack as highly sophisticated, raising serious concerns about the resilience of critical aviation systems. Specialists warned that the increasing integration of shared digital services makes the sector an attractive target for cybercriminals, emphasizing the urgent need for enhanced cybersecurity protocols. While large-scale cancellations were largely avoided, the disruption demonstrated the potential for cyberattacks to significantly affect air travel operations and passenger experience. The incident serves as a critical reminder of the importance of robust digital defenses in maintaining operational continuity within the global aviation industry.

Shield AI Introduces AI-Powered Reconnaissance Module for Ukrainian Drones American defense technology firm Shield AI has unveiled its ViDAR reconnaissance module, an artificial intelligence-driven system designed to enhance the capabilities of Ukrainian Mi-8 and Mi-24 helicopters. The announcement was made at Defense Tech Valley 2025, where Shield AI representative Austin Howard provided detailed insights into the module’s features and operational potential. Advanced Capabilities and Design The ViDAR module, initially revealed in April 2025, is a compact device measuring 60 centimeters in length. It integrates multispectral cameras, an onboard processor, and a dedicated inertial measurement unit, enabling it to deliver high-resolution imagery alongside real-time video feeds. According to Howard, the system allows operators to scan extensive areas using the high-resolution camera and then switch to video mode for detailed examination of identified targets. This dual functionality facilitates efficient surveillance over large territories by drones or manned aircraft. Central to ViDAR’s effectiveness is its AI-powered image analysis, which provides precise detection and classification of various targets, including personnel, vehicles, stationary objects, ships, and fast-moving boats. Complementing ViDAR, Shield AI offers a synthetic aperture radar module developed in partnership with another firm. This radar system, comparable in size to ViDAR, can penetrate cloud cover, thereby extending operational capabilities under adverse weather conditions. Integration and Operational Use ViDAR is primarily intended for third-group unmanned systems capable of carrying payloads between 30 and 50 kilograms but is also compatible with helicopters and small fixed-wing aircraft. Howard highlighted the module’s extensive use on coast guard helicopters for search and rescue operations, emphasizing its adaptability. “Any helicopter with a suspension unit is suitable. We’ve mounted the modules on rods or other structures beneath the aircraft, so we’re confident in integrating the system into almost any fixed-wing aircraft or helicopter,” he stated. Although ViDAR has not yet been deployed in Ukraine, Shield AI is actively pursuing opportunities to demonstrate its capabilities to Ukrainian defense partners. The integration of advanced modules like ViDAR into existing military platforms presents challenges, particularly in ensuring seamless compatibility and robust cybersecurity measures to counter electromagnetic warfare threats. As drone warfare continues to evolve, maintaining secure communications and data integrity remains a critical concern. Market Impact and Broader Engagement Shield AI’s announcement has generated significant interest among defense contractors and government agencies, reflecting a growing demand for AI-driven drone technologies. This development is expected to prompt competitors to accelerate their own efforts in reconnaissance module innovation and drone swarm capabilities. Recent defense analyses emphasize the strategic importance of air superiority, noting that while drones are vital for preventing defeat, they do not alone guarantee victory. The Pentagon’s strategy to “Americanize” drone warfare underscores the necessity of advanced autonomy, effective command and control systems, and a robust industrial base to support large-scale drone production. Beyond reconnaissance, Shield AI’s collaboration with Ukraine extends to armament integration. In February 2025, the company sought Ukrainian partners to equip its V-BAT drone with locally produced laser-guided munitions. CEO James Lithgow confirmed ongoing cooperation with Ukrainian manufacturers, though specific details remain confidential. As Ukraine continues to modernize its defense infrastructure, the adoption of AI-powered reconnaissance modules such as ViDAR may significantly enhance situational awareness and operational effectiveness on the battlefield.

United Airlines Boeing 757 Diverts Twice in Two Days Due to Engine Issues Repeated Engine Problems Force Emergency Landings A United Airlines Boeing 757-200 has been grounded in Shannon, Ireland, following two separate engine malfunctions that necessitated emergency diversions within a span of just two days. The aircraft, registered as N17133 and powered by twin Rolls-Royce RB211 turbofan engines, first encountered difficulties on September 17 while operating flight UA-711 from Dublin to Washington Dulles. Shortly after reaching its cruising altitude of 36,000 feet, the flight crew reported an unspecified engine issue, prompting an immediate return to Dublin. Passengers were subsequently rebooked on alternative flights as maintenance teams addressed the problem. Two days later, on September 19, United Airlines attempted to reposition the same aircraft to Newark without passengers. However, the plane again aborted its journey at cruising altitude, diverting to Shannon after the pilots reported degradation in the left-hand engine. The aircraft has remained in Shannon since, with plans for another positioning flight to Newark reportedly underway. Operational and Legal Implications Amid Industry Scrutiny These consecutive incidents occur amid increased scrutiny of United Airlines’ operational reliability. The airline has recently faced several mechanical setbacks, including a Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner that returned to its departure airport shortly after takeoff. Such events have heightened concerns among passengers and regulatory bodies, potentially affecting United’s competitive standing as rival carriers like American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and Southwest Airlines seek to attract customers wary of operational disruptions. Legal challenges are also intensifying. Passengers affected by significant delays, such as those on flight UA-711, may be entitled to compensation under the European Union’s EC-261 regulations if their arrival was delayed by three hours or more. United is concurrently contending with lawsuits related to other customer experience issues, including disputes over windowless seats, compounding the airline’s legal and reputational difficulties. The Boeing 757’s Role and Maintenance Challenges Despite its age, the Boeing 757 remains a vital asset for carriers like United and Delta, prized for its performance and efficiency within a single-aisle configuration. Although Boeing ceased production of the 757 in 2004, the aircraft—often referred to as the "Flying Pencil" due to its long, slender design—continues to serve both commercial airlines and the U.S. military in specialized capacities. Of the more than 1,000 units produced, only 55 were the stretched 757-300 variant. The aircraft involved in these recent incidents has maintained a largely uneventful service record until now. Nevertheless, the engine problems highlight the operational challenges associated with maintaining an aging fleet. As United works to resolve these technical issues, the airline faces mounting pressure to reassure both passengers and regulators of its unwavering commitment to safety and reliability.

U.S. Introduces Supersonic Aircraft Aiming to Transform Global Travel The United States is embarking on a new chapter in aviation with the development of advanced supersonic aircraft designed to revolutionize global travel through enhanced speed and technological innovation. Central to this initiative is NASA’s X-59, a next-generation jet engineered to fly faster than the speed of sound while addressing the environmental and regulatory challenges that have historically impeded supersonic flight. Advancements Beyond the Concorde The X-59 marks a significant departure from the era of the Concorde, the iconic supersonic passenger jet that operated from 1969 until 2003. While the Concorde was celebrated for its ability to complete transatlantic flights in under four hours, its legacy was ultimately overshadowed by high operational costs, safety concerns, and the disruptive sonic boom that restricted its routes. In contrast, the X-59 is designed to overcome these obstacles, particularly by minimizing the sonic boom to a quiet “thump,” a breakthrough that could enable supersonic travel over land without causing noise pollution. Developed by Lockheed Martin under NASA’s guidance, the X-59 is capable of reaching speeds approximately 1.4 times the speed of sound. The data gathered from its test flights will be instrumental in informing both U.S. and international regulators as they consider revising noise standards. Such regulatory changes could lift longstanding restrictions on supersonic flights, potentially opening new avenues for commercial supersonic travel. Challenges and Market Prospects Despite the technological progress, significant challenges remain before supersonic travel can be widely adopted. Regulatory approval is a major hurdle, as authorities must be assured that the aircraft can operate without generating unacceptable noise levels. Environmental concerns also persist, particularly regarding fuel efficiency and emissions, which will likely influence public perception and policy decisions. The market response to quieter supersonic technology has been cautiously optimistic. Interest is growing among established aerospace companies and startups alike, with several firms actively developing their own next-generation supersonic jets. However, the emergence of alternative aviation technologies, such as electric air taxis trialed during the Trump administration, may shift focus and resources, influencing the future trajectory of high-speed travel. The United States remains committed to leading this transformation by investing in aerospace innovation, environmental sustainability, and noise reduction technologies. If successful, these efforts could dramatically reduce flight times and make supersonic travel more accessible, fundamentally altering global connectivity.

Cyberattack Disrupts Check-In Systems at Heathrow and Other Major European Airports A significant cyberattack targeting Collins Aerospace, a principal provider of check-in and boarding systems, severely disrupted operations at several major European airports on the morning of September 20, 2025. The affected airports included Heathrow, Brussels, and Berlin, where automated systems were rendered inoperable, compelling staff to revert to manual check-in and boarding procedures. This disruption led to widespread delays and cancellations, prompting authorities to advise passengers to verify their flight status with airlines before traveling to the airport. Impact on Airport Operations and Flight Schedules Brussels Airport experienced a substantial impact on its flight schedule, with numerous cancellations and delays reported. The breakdown of automated systems resulted in long queues and crowded terminals as airport personnel managed passenger processing manually. In response, Eurocontrol, the European aviation safety organization, directed airline operators to cancel half of their flights to and from Brussels between 04:00 GMT on Saturday and 02:00 on Monday. Eurocontrol also acknowledged that similar technical issues were affecting Heathrow, Berlin, and Dublin airports, cautioning that additional measures might be necessary to contain the disruption. At Dublin Airport, Terminal 2 was evacuated as a precautionary safety measure, with officials indicating that flight operations could be temporarily affected. The specific cause of the evacuation has not been disclosed, and the airport has yet to provide further details. Throughout Saturday, hundreds of flights across the impacted airports experienced delays, according to data from flight tracking service FlightAware. EasyJet, one of Europe’s largest carriers, stated that it was operating normally and did not anticipate any effects from the cyberattack, as it does not operate flights out of Heathrow. Broader Implications and Industry Vulnerabilities Travel journalist Simon Calder highlighted the complexity and interconnectedness of departure control systems, particularly at Heathrow, Europe’s busiest airport. He explained that disruptions in one location, such as Brussels or Berlin, can cascade through the network, causing missed connections and logistical challenges involving passengers, aircraft, and crew. Calder warned that such issues often escalate before normal operations can be restored. The incident has intensified concerns regarding the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to cyber threats. Industry analysts emphasize that the aviation sector’s heavy reliance on digital systems exposes it to significant risks from cyberattacks. This vulnerability was underscored last September when a global IT failure, triggered by a faulty software update from cybersecurity firm Crowdstrike, grounded flights across the United States. As efforts continue to restore normal operations, passengers are urged to stay informed through official airline and airport communications. The full scope of the disruption and its potential long-term effects on European air travel remain uncertain.

PLA Air Force Demonstrates Capabilities at 2025 Changchun Aviation Open Day The 2025 Changchun Aviation Open Day, held in Jilin Province, has attracted significant international attention as the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Air Force unveiled its latest technological advancements and aerial capabilities. Commencing on September 19, the event has become a prominent occasion for aviation enthusiasts and tourists alike, providing a rare opportunity to observe China’s rapidly evolving military aviation sector. Aerial Exhibitions and Technological Progress This year’s airshow presented a comprehensive array of aircraft, ranging from fighter jets and bombers to reconnaissance planes. Among the standout demonstrations was the YY-20A tanker executing pre-refueling maneuvers alongside J-16 fighters, complemented by a striking twin-bomber formation featuring H-6 aircraft. The Bayi and Red Falcon Aerobatic Teams delivered meticulously choreographed performances that captivated the audience. Notably, the debut of the KJ-500 early warning aircraft, escorted by four J-20 stealth fighters, underscored China’s ongoing commitment to integrating cutting-edge aviation technology into its fleet. For the PLA Air Force, the event functioned as a public showcase of its air combat and defense capabilities. J-16 pilot Wu Haoran highlighted that the airshow effectively translates routine combat training exercises into a public forum, demonstrating the professionalism and precision that characterize China’s military aviators. Strategic Implications and Challenges While the airshow accentuates China’s technological strides and contributes to the growth of Changchun’s tourism industry, it also brings to light persistent challenges within the PLA Air Force. Despite the impressive aerial displays, the force continues to face criticism regarding its limited real-world combat experience, ongoing issues with corruption, and vulnerabilities in cyber defense systems. These concerns have elicited mixed responses from international observers and market analysts, some of whom remain skeptical about the PLA’s overall operational readiness. In response, rival air forces, including those of the United States and Australia, have underscored their own modernization achievements, often highlighting areas where the PLA still encounters capability shortfalls. These include gaps in operational experience and the integration of comprehensive defense systems, which remain critical to maintaining air superiority. Economic and Tourism Impact The event has generated a substantial economic uplift for Changchun, with a marked increase in visitors benefiting local hotels, restaurants, and cultural attractions. The aviation open day has firmly established itself as a major tourism event, combining high-technology displays with an immersive experience that celebrates aviation culture. Future Outlook The 2025 Changchun Aviation Open Day not only celebrates the accomplishments of the PLA Air Force but also serves as a reflection of the complexities inherent in China’s military modernization efforts. As the PLA continues to invest heavily in advanced technologies and public engagement initiatives, addressing internal challenges will be essential to converting these technological displays into sustained operational effectiveness. For the time being, the airshow remains a potent symbol of ambition and innovation, captivating audiences while inviting critical examination of the future trajectory of military aviation in China and beyond.

Egypt and UAE Strengthen Partnership in Civil Aviation Strategic Cooperation and Facility Tours Egypt and the United Arab Emirates have taken decisive steps to deepen their collaboration in civil aviation, marked by an official visit to Abu Dhabi led by Egypt’s Minister of Civil Aviation, Sameh El-Hefny. Invited by the Abu Dhabi Aviation Group (ADA), the Egyptian delegation aimed to reinforce strategic ties and establish a framework for future cooperation through the signing of several memoranda of understanding (MoUs). The visit also provided an opportunity to review the latest advancements in the UAE’s aviation sector. The delegation’s itinerary included visits to key aviation facilities, offering firsthand exposure to the UAE’s sophisticated infrastructure. Among the sites toured were Royal Jet, a premier private aviation company specializing in services such as medical evacuation and aircraft management, and the ADA headquarters, which oversees a portfolio of eleven major companies. These include Etihad Engineering and Maximus Air, which provide a range of services from Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) to technical training. At Etihad Engineering, the delegation examined cutting-edge MRO facilities that deliver comprehensive maintenance and cabin refurbishment for Airbus and Boeing aircraft. The visit to Maximus Air highlighted the company’s expertise in heavy cargo transport and its role as the exclusive air relief mission partner of the Emirates Red Crescent. Further inspections included Zayed International Airport, showcasing Abu Dhabi’s advanced technological systems and its status as a critical global aviation hub. The delegation also toured the Etihad Training Academy, which offers internationally accredited training programs for pilots, engineers, and cabin crew, and concluded at the Sheikh Zayed Air Navigation Center to observe the latest air traffic management technologies. Implications for Regional Aviation Dynamics Minister El-Hefny expressed pride in the longstanding partnership between Egypt and the UAE, describing their cooperation as a strategic model founded on a shared vision for the future of civil aviation. He emphasized that the newly signed MoUs would broaden avenues for collaboration and support the development of the air transport industry in both countries. The minister also praised the UAE’s achievements and advanced infrastructure, which have established it as a global leader in the sector. This enhanced partnership emerges amid shifting dynamics within the regional aviation landscape. The strengthened ties between Egypt and the UAE are anticipated to intensify competition, particularly in the charter and business aviation markets. The charter industry, already navigating challenges due to evolving market conditions, may face increased pressure as both nations expand their capabilities. Recent data, including a 15% increase in business aviation movements at Dubai South, reflects heightened activity that could prompt other regional players to recalibrate their strategies to maintain market share. As Egypt and the UAE advance their cooperation, the evolving regional environment presents both opportunities and challenges. Their partnership is positioned to drive innovation and growth while reshaping competitive dynamics across the Middle East’s civil aviation sector.

Why Did British Aerospace Equip the BAe-146 with Four Engines? Few aircraft in operation today possess the distinctive profile of the British Aerospace BAe-146. As one of the most unique four-engine jets ever produced, the BAe-146 stands apart in a market where regional aircraft predominantly rely on two engines. While most short-haul commercial flights—typically lasting under two hours and connecting smaller destinations—are served by twin-engine jets or turboprops, the BAe-146 was deliberately designed with a four-engine configuration. This choice marked it as a notable exception in the history of regional aviation. The Rationale Behind Four Engines British Aerospace’s decision to equip the BAe-146 with four engines was primarily driven by the need for enhanced redundancy and reliability, both critical considerations in commercial aviation. The four-engine layout offered several operational advantages that distinguished the aircraft from its contemporaries. Most importantly, the presence of four engines provided greater safety margins in the event of an engine failure, a feature that appealed strongly to airlines and regulatory authorities alike. This redundancy contributed significantly to the aircraft’s reputation for reliability. In addition to safety, the four-engine configuration enabled superior performance under challenging conditions. The BAe-146 was capable of operating effectively in adverse weather and from airports with short or difficult runways, characteristics that made it particularly well-suited for noise-sensitive and operationally restricted airports such as London City. This operational flexibility enhanced the aircraft’s market appeal, attracting operators who prioritized safety and reliability in their regional fleets. However, the four-engine design also entailed higher manufacturing and maintenance costs compared to twin-engine competitors. Despite these financial challenges, British Aerospace considered the trade-off worthwhile, given the operational benefits and the aircraft’s ability to meet specific market demands. Overview and Development Introduced in 1983, the BAe-146 quickly became the most successful British civilian aircraft program, with over 380 units produced. Initially manufactured by British Aerospace, which later became part of BAE Systems, the aircraft evolved into the Avro Regional Jet (RJ) series during the 1990s. This series included improved variants such as the RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100, which built upon the original design’s strengths. The BAe-146 featured a high-wing cantilever design, four under-wing geared turbofan engines, and retractable tricycle landing gear. It was renowned for its low noise output and strong short-field performance, qualities that contributed to its popularity not only as a regional airliner but also as a private jet and dedicated freighter. Its versatility was further enhanced by the availability of optional gravel kits, allowing operations from rough or semi-prepared airstrips. Legacy Although the four-engine configuration was unconventional for a regional jet, it enabled the BAe-146 to establish a unique position in the aviation market. The aircraft’s combination of quiet operation, short-runway capability, and robust safety features made it a preferred choice at airports with stringent operational restrictions. Despite the higher operating costs associated with its design, the BAe-146 exemplified British Aerospace’s commitment to reliability and performance, securing its status as a distinctive and influential aircraft in regional aviation history.

Wichita Balances Aviation Heritage with Future Innovation Advancing Aerospace Through Strategic Planning The Kansas Department of Transportation (KDOT) unveiled its Advanced Air Mobility Roadmap on Thursday, presenting a detailed market analysis and economic impact study aimed at maintaining Kansas’s leadership in the aerospace sector. This strategic plan focuses on integrating emerging aviation technologies, such as drones and electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft, into the state’s transportation framework. Ray Seif, KDOT’s director of aviation, emphasized the transformative potential of these next-generation aircraft, highlighting their ability to address complex transportation challenges. He noted their utility in providing access to rural areas, supporting medical supply deliveries to rural hospitals, assisting firefighting efforts, and fulfilling a variety of other critical functions. Showcasing Innovation: Joby Aviation’s eVTOL A centerpiece of the event was the debut of Joby Aviation’s all-electric eVTOL aircraft in Wichita. Attendees at the National Aviation Hall of Fame enshrinement had the opportunity to engage with interactive flight simulations located outside the B-29 Doc Hangar, offering a glimpse into the experience of piloting an air taxi. These simulations are modeled on training protocols used by the U.S. Air Force for future pilots of such aircraft. Greg Bowles, Chief Policy Officer at Joby Aviation, described the dawn of a new era in electric aviation and urban air mobility. He revealed that the company is approaching the final stages of certification for aircraft designed to transport passengers across metropolitan areas at prices comparable to premium ride-sharing services, utilizing electric propulsion that is safe, quiet, and cost-efficient. Joby Aviation, in collaboration with Uber, plans to initiate flights in major cities including New York, Los Angeles, and Dallas, with ambitions to expand nationwide. Navigating Heritage and Growth in Wichita’s Aviation Sector While embracing these technological advancements, Wichita confronts the challenge of balancing its deep-rooted aviation heritage with the demands of future growth. The evolving business aviation landscape is influenced by intensified market competition, shifting taxation and tariff policies, and the critical need to attract and retain skilled professionals. In response, industry stakeholders are prioritizing investments in workforce development and infrastructure enhancement. Notably, Textron has committed $2 million to the Wichita State University Tech Foundation to support the expansion of the National Center for Aviation Training. This initiative is expected to impact market dynamics significantly, encouraging competitors to pursue similar investments in aviation education and infrastructure to sustain their competitive advantage. The National Aviation Hall of Fame enshrinement ceremony, held at the B-29 Doc Hangar, celebrated the 2025 inductees: Frank D. Robinson and Phoebe Fairgrave Omlie (both posthumously), Lloyd “Fig” Newton, Mae Jemison, John J. Goglia, and Julie Clark. As Wichita advances toward the future, it continues to honor its distinguished past while positioning itself at the forefront of aviation innovation.

Boeing Projects Strong Growth in Latin American Aviation Over Next 20 Years Boeing has forecasted robust expansion in Latin America’s aviation sector over the next two decades, anticipating an annual air traffic growth rate of 4.3%, which surpasses the global average. This projection, outlined in Boeing’s latest Commercial Market Outlook (CMO), underscores the need for significant investment in fleet modernization, network expansion, and workforce development throughout the region. Drivers of Growth and Market Dynamics Landon Loomis, President of Commercial Airplanes Latin America at Boeing, emphasized Mexico’s critical role within Boeing’s supply chain, describing it as the sixth-largest globally and the largest in Latin America. The company’s forecast is grounded in key socioeconomic trends, including a youthful population, rapid urbanization, and an expanding middle class with rising purchasing power across Mexico and neighboring countries. These factors are expected to sustain the increasing demand for air travel, which has already more than tripled in the region since the early 2000s. Despite the setbacks caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Latin America’s aviation industry has shown remarkable resilience. Airlines have nearly doubled their passenger fleets to meet recovering and growing demand, driven by the need for enhanced domestic and international connectivity. This has prompted carriers to seek solutions that improve both capacity and operational efficiency. Fleet Expansion and Service Demand Boeing’s analysis projects that by 2044, Latin American airlines will require approximately 2,365 new aircraft, with nearly 90% comprising single-aisle models such as the 737 MAX family. These aircraft are favored for their operational efficiency and passenger comfort. Meanwhile, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner and 777X families are expected to serve long-haul and ultra-long-haul routes, respectively. The regional fleet is anticipated to nearly double in size, with new deliveries replacing older, less fuel-efficient aircraft. Beyond aircraft acquisition, Boeing anticipates that demand for commercial aviation services—including parts supply and distribution—will grow at an annual rate of 4.1%, again outpacing global averages. This trend offers substantial opportunities for aerospace supply chain companies, including Boeing’s network of more than 20 partners in Mexico, such as Boeing Encore Interiors. Challenges and Competitive Landscape While Boeing’s outlook is optimistic, it acknowledges several challenges. The company must navigate Latin America’s complex regulatory frameworks, address infrastructure constraints, and contend with competition from established local players. Additionally, regional airlines may diversify their fleets by considering competitive offerings from both Boeing and Airbus. In response to Boeing’s projections, Airbus is likely to intensify its efforts in the region, leveraging its strong delivery record and established market presence, particularly in key markets such as China. Market response to Boeing’s growth forecast has been favorable, with the company’s shares rising 37% since the beginning of the year. Maintaining this momentum will depend not only on fleet expansion and service growth but also on the development of skilled human capital to support the evolving demands of the aviation industry in Latin America.