Airbus Outpaces Boeing as Aircraft Order Backlog Falls to 12 Years in 2025

Boeing Warned of MD-11 Engine Bearing Risk Years Before Deadly UPS Crash The US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) has identified a progressive fatigue failure in a critical engine pylon bearing as the cause of the fatal crash of a UPS-operated McDonnell Douglas MD-11 in November 2025. The catastrophic engine separation occurred during takeoff at Louisville’s Muhammad Ali International Airport, resulting in at least 12 fatalities. This revelation has raised significant concerns regarding the adequacy of inspection protocols, manufacturer guidance, and regulatory oversight in preventing such a disaster. Early Warnings from Boeing Boeing had flagged potential issues with the MD-11’s spherical bearing race—the component securing the engine to the wing—as early as 2011. In a service bulletin issued that year, the manufacturer documented four prior bearing failures across three different aircraft. Although none of these incidents had led to safety events, Boeing recommended enhanced inspections and maintenance focused on lubrication and visual checks. Notably, the bulletin did not call for replacement of the bearing assemblies nor did it classify the component as safety-critical. This guidance, now central to the NTSB’s investigation, stopped short of advocating for more intrusive inspections or a redesign of the bearing. Investigators are scrutinizing whether Boeing’s risk assessment and the resulting inspection regime sufficiently accounted for the bearing’s critical role in the aircraft’s structural integrity. Design Legacy and Unanticipated Failure Mode The MD-11’s engine mount design has been in service for decades and was not previously regarded as a safety-of-flight critical item. While wear and corrosion in pylon bearings are recognized maintenance concerns for aging widebody aircraft, the specific progressive fatigue failure identified by the NTSB had not been considered a direct threat to engine retention. Examination of the wreckage revealed clear evidence of long-term deterioration, including beach marks and crack propagation features, indicating that the bearing had been weakening internally over an extended period before the final failure. This finding has shifted the investigation’s focus from a singular mechanical anomaly to the adequacy of long-term inspection and monitoring practices. Scrutiny of Inspection Regimes The MD-11’s maintenance program primarily relied on visual inspections of the pylon bearing assembly at prescribed intervals, consistent with manufacturer recommendations and regulatory requirements at the time. However, the fatigue cracking originated internally, in areas not visible without disassembly or specialized non-destructive testing techniques. The NTSB is now evaluating whether the inspection methods prescribed by Boeing and accepted by regulators were capable of detecting such internal degradation before it reached a critical stage. The investigation continues to focus on the failed aft mount assembly in the left engine pylon and whether earlier, more rigorous intervention could have averted the tragedy. As the inquiry progresses, its findings are expected to prompt a broader review of inspection standards and risk assessments for aging aircraft components throughout the aviation industry.

The Crucial Role of Aircraft Structures Alongside Engines When considering the factors that determine an aircraft’s reliability, engines and avionics often dominate the conversation. However, a comprehensive examination of aerospace history and manufacturing practices reveals that aircraft safety is deeply rooted in structural engineering and certified production processes. Beyond the visible thrust and navigation systems lies a complex framework of components and assemblies that, while largely unseen by passengers, are essential to the aircraft’s overall integrity and performance. The Importance of Structural Engineering in Aviation Aircraft structures are not merely passive frameworks; they are critical safety systems designed to withstand a variety of stresses and protect occupants under both normal and extreme conditions. Regulatory authorities and engineering experts consistently emphasize that every element—from fuselage sections to floor beams and attachment points—must maintain predictable performance throughout decades of service. This unwavering focus on structural integrity forms the foundation upon which all other aircraft systems depend, a principle that has guided aerospace manufacturing since the inception of commercial flight. Advances and Challenges in Aerospace Manufacturing The evolution of aircraft structures has closely paralleled developments in materials science. Early aircraft utilized wood and fabric, but the mid-20th century saw a transition to aluminum alloys, enabling pressurized cabins and higher operational altitudes. Modern aircraft incorporate a sophisticated blend of aluminum, titanium, and advanced composite materials to achieve optimal strength, weight, and durability. These material innovations are driven primarily by certification standards, fatigue management, and safety considerations rather than passenger comfort. Despite these advancements, the aerospace industry faces significant challenges. Ongoing supply chain disruptions affect the availability of high-grade alloys and composite materials essential for structural components. Trade restrictions, including tariffs and embargoes, further complicate access to critical resources for both airframes and engines. Additionally, a shortage of skilled machinists and inspectors, combined with lengthy qualification processes for even minor manufacturing changes, has led airlines to extend the operational life of older aircraft. This trend increases maintenance demands and places additional strain on structural reliability. Certification as the Cornerstone of Structural Production Certification processes are integral to aerospace manufacturing, shaping design and production from the earliest stages. Manufacturers must rigorously demonstrate that aircraft structures can endure operational loads, resist fatigue, withstand fire and heat, and maintain long-term durability. Companies such as STELIA Aerospace are frequently recognized in technical and procurement documentation for their certified production of aircraft structures and interiors, highlighting the industry’s emphasis on traceability and regulatory compliance over mere visibility. The Critical Role of Fasteners in Structural Integrity The reliability of aircraft structures also depends heavily on the quality and certification of fasteners. Aerospace fasteners—including bolts, rivets, and fittings—are carefully selected to meet specific load requirements and environmental conditions. An individual aircraft may contain millions of these components, each subject to stringent documentation and certification standards. The failure of even a single fastener category can jeopardize the entire structure, underscoring the importance of rigorous material specifications and traceability protocols. Documentation: The Foundation of Aviation Safety Throughout the history of aerospace, meticulous documentation has been as vital as the physical materials themselves. The value of every component is inseparable from its certification records, manufacturing data, and inspection histories, which accompany the aircraft throughout its operational lifespan. In an era marked by supply chain volatility and extended aircraft service lives, the discipline of structural engineering and comprehensive documentation remains the cornerstone of aviation safety.

Dubai to Launch Commercial Air Taxi Services by Year-End Dubai is set to introduce commercial air taxi services before the close of 2026, according to the emirate’s Roads and Transport Authority (RTA). Mattar Al Tayer, RTA Director General and Chairman, announced that electric air taxis developed by U.S.-based Joby Aviation will soon begin carrying passengers, marking a significant step in the city’s transportation evolution. Advancing Urban Mobility with Electric Air Taxis The new air taxis aim to provide a faster alternative to road travel, particularly during peak traffic hours. Journeys that currently take up to 45 minutes by car could be reduced to approximately 10 minutes by air. These fully electric aircraft produce zero operational emissions and are designed for quiet operation in densely populated urban environments. Each vehicle accommodates a pilot and up to four passengers, with a maximum range of 160 kilometers (100 miles) and speeds reaching 320 km/h (200 mph) on a single charge. To facilitate the service, the RTA is developing several dedicated “vertiports.” The first vertiport will be located near Dubai International Airport, with additional sites planned in strategic locations such as Downtown Dubai, Dubai Marina, and Palm Jumeirah. The air taxi service will be integrated into Dubai’s existing public transport network, enabling passengers to book flights through digital platforms. While pricing has not yet been disclosed, officials have indicated that the service will be positioned as a premium transport option. Challenges and Industry Context Despite the ambitious timeline, the rollout faces several challenges. Regulatory approval remains a critical hurdle, as authorities work to ensure the safety and compliance of the new aircraft with aviation standards. Technological readiness is another concern, requiring reliable battery performance, robust infrastructure, and seamless integration with current transport systems. Market acceptance will also be essential, as residents and visitors adjust to this novel mode of urban mobility. Dubai’s initiative comes amid rapid global advancements in electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technology. Competitors such as Archer Aviation are making significant progress, forming strategic partnerships and accelerating research and development to establish themselves in this emerging market. The traditional aviation sector has responded with a mixture of skepticism and interest, closely monitoring regulatory developments and consumer demand. As Dubai positions itself at the forefront of urban air mobility, the success of its commercial air taxi program may influence the development and adoption of similar projects worldwide.

Dubai Sets Timeline for Launch of Air and Self-Driving Taxis Dubai has announced that the infrastructure supporting its ambitious air taxi project, developed in collaboration with Skyports and leading aviation partners, will be fully operational by the end of this year. Mattar Al Tayer, Director-General of Dubai’s Roads and Transport Authority, emphasized that the initiative has benefited from extensive consultations with global experts and has been refined through international forums such as the World Governments Summit. With these preparations complete, Dubai is now positioned to commence the commercial deployment of both air and self-driving taxis. Strategic Ambitions and Industry Challenges This announcement represents a significant milestone in Dubai’s broader strategy to establish itself as a global leader in urban mobility innovation. Despite the progress, the rollout faces considerable challenges, including navigating complex regulatory environments and addressing public safety concerns. Additionally, Dubai will enter a competitive landscape dominated by established autonomous vehicle companies such as Tesla and Waymo, both of which continue to advance their self-driving taxi technologies at a rapid pace. Market analysts anticipate that Dubai’s initiative could stimulate increased investor interest in the autonomous vehicle sector, as cities worldwide accelerate efforts to implement next-generation transportation solutions. Countries including China and Kazakhstan are also intensifying their self-driving taxi programs, heightening the global competition for technological leadership in this emerging field. Global Market Outlook and Dubai’s Role The global market for autonomous vehicles is expected to experience significant growth in the coming years, driven by ongoing technological innovation and evolving regulatory frameworks. Industry leaders are focusing on advancing their technologies while ensuring compliance with safety and legal standards to solidify their market positions. Dubai’s entry into this competitive arena underscores its commitment to adopting cutting-edge mobility solutions and highlights the complex challenges and opportunities faced by cities integrating autonomous transport into their urban infrastructure. As Dubai moves toward the commercial launch of its air and self-driving taxis, the city’s progress will be closely monitored by industry stakeholders and policymakers worldwide. The unfolding regulatory, safety, and competitive dynamics in this rapidly evolving sector will provide critical insights into the future of urban mobility.

France Commits to Airbus VSR700 Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles for Naval Modernization Contract Award and Strategic Significance On 14 January 2026, the French Armament General Directorate (DGA) officially awarded a contract to Airbus Helicopters and Naval Group for the production of six VSR700 uncrewed aerial systems. These drones are slated for deployment by the French Navy beginning in 2028, representing a pivotal advancement in France’s naval modernization efforts through the integration of cutting-edge unmanned technologies. Bruno Even, CEO of Airbus Helicopters, expressed the company’s commitment to delivering a reliable and high-performance platform that will enhance the French Navy’s operational sovereignty and mission effectiveness. He highlighted the establishment of a dedicated industrial framework designed to support serial production while upholding stringent aeronautical safety and performance standards. Capabilities and Integration The VSR700 will be configured primarily for Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) missions. It will be equipped with a suite of advanced sensors, including a surveillance radar, an electro-optical system, and an Automatic Identification System (AIS) receiver. Naval Group will manage the integration of the VSR700 into the naval vessels’ architecture, ensuring seamless connectivity with existing combat systems through the Steeris® Mission System. Derived from the crewed Cabri G2 helicopter developed by Hélicoptères Guimbal, the VSR700 serves as a dual-use platform. Its naval military variant was developed under the French Navy and DGA’s SDAM (Système de drone aérien de la Marine) programme in collaboration with Naval Group. The system has undergone rigorous testing both on land and at sea, designed to augment crewed helicopters by extending a vessel’s intelligence-gathering and surveillance reach. While initially focused on ISR roles, the VSR700’s versatility allows it to support logistics, armed reconnaissance, and even civil applications such as firefighting and disaster relief. Challenges and Market Implications The integration of the VSR700 into existing French naval systems may encounter technical challenges, potentially affecting delivery timelines as the new technology is assimilated into operational fleets. This development is anticipated to have broader implications for the defense sector, stimulating increased interest in uncrewed aerial vehicles for surveillance and reconnaissance missions. Competitors, including Leonardo Helicopters—which has developed autonomous rotorcraft for the UK Royal Navy—may accelerate their own UAV programs in response. As global defense priorities shift towards unmanned systems, the market is expected to witness intensified innovation and competition in this domain. Airbus has also showcased the VSR700’s capability to operate collaboratively with crewed helicopters through its HTeaming solution, further enhancing operational flexibility for the French Navy.

China’s Domestic 1,200 kW Turboprop Engine Passes Ignition Test A domestically developed 1,200-kilowatt-class turboprop engine has successfully completed its ignition test in Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, marking a significant milestone for China’s aviation industry. This achievement highlights China’s ongoing efforts to achieve self-reliance in critical aerospace technologies and reflects its expanding ambitions to compete with established global manufacturers. Technical Advancements and Capabilities The engine, designated ATP120A, was developed by Harbin Dongan Civil Aviation Engine Co., a subsidiary of the Aero Engine Corporation of China (AECC). During the recent ignition test, the ATP120A demonstrated stable ground operation at temperatures as low as -30 degrees Celsius (-22 degrees Fahrenheit). Engineered for low fuel consumption, extended service life, and reduced operational costs, the ATP120A has now entered the testing and verification phase. According to AECC, the engine is designed with strong environmental adaptability, capable of functioning in extreme conditions ranging from high-altitude cold regions to hot, humid environments with high salt exposure. Its potential applications include general aviation and unmanned aerial vehicles, with future prospects for integration into hydrogen and hybrid propulsion systems. Implications for the Global Aviation Market This breakthrough is poised to have significant implications for the global turboprop engine market. By offering a cost-effective and reliable alternative, China’s new engine could challenge established manufacturers such as Pratt & Whitney and Rolls-Royce. Industry analysts anticipate that these competitors may respond with enhanced features or revised pricing strategies to maintain their market positions. The success of the ATP120A also bolsters China’s prospects for exporting advanced turboprop aircraft, potentially increasing its share in the international aviation market. China’s pursuit of indigenous aviation technology forms part of a broader strategy to reduce dependence on foreign suppliers. Despite notable progress in both defense and commercial aviation, many Chinese aircraft, including the Comac C919, still rely on foreign-made engines such as the LEAP1-C from CFM International, a joint venture between GE Aerospace and Safran. The development of homegrown engines is regarded as a critical step toward achieving full technological sovereignty. Broader Context of China’s Aviation Ambitions The establishment of the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (Comac) in 2008 laid the foundation for these ambitions. Since then, China has introduced several aircraft models, including the ARJ21 regional jet and the C919 narrow-body airliner, both designed to compete with Western manufacturers. The C919, which began regular flights in May 2023, is seen as a direct competitor to Airbus and Boeing, particularly as plans for a lengthened version advance. China’s rapid progress in aviation is supported by substantial investments in research and development across multiple high-tech sectors. From materials science to quantum computing, Chinese innovation is increasingly recognized on the global stage. The successful ignition test of the ATP120A not only underscores China’s growing technological capabilities but also signals its intent to become a leading force in the global aviation industry.

Mercuria and Airborne Capital Launch Open-Ended Aircraft Fund Mercuria Investment Co. (MIC), a subsidiary of Mercuria Holdings (MHD), in partnership with Ireland-based Airborne Capital Limited (ACL), has announced the launch of MACH OE, an open-ended aircraft fund. This initiative represents a strategic departure from their previous closed-ended aircraft funds, which were primarily designed for Japanese investors. According to Mercuria Holdings, MACH OE will be the first open-ended aircraft fund in this sector managed by a Japan-based asset manager. Fund Structure and Investment Strategy MACH OE is structured to provide stable returns by investing in widely used aircraft types leased to a select group of high-quality airlines. The open-ended nature of the fund offers investors enhanced flexibility, allowing them to determine their timing for entry and exit. The fund aims to manage assets totaling approximately JPY 150 billion or more. The Development Bank of Japan is expected to participate as an anchor investor, with additional support anticipated from institutional investors including financial institutions, pension funds, corporations, and educational institutions. Daiwa JPI Alternative Investments Co. (DKAI), a subsidiary of Daiwa Securities Group Inc., will assist the fund by facilitating investor introductions and providing operational services. Furthermore, DKAI has entered into a memorandum of understanding with MIC and ACL, establishing a strategic business alliance to bolster the fund’s development. Market Context and Competitive Landscape The launch of MACH OE occurs amid a competitive and potentially saturated business aviation sector. Other financiers, such as JetLoan Capital, are actively expanding their market presence, intensifying competition for both assets and investors. Market responses to MACH OE are expected to be mixed; while some investors may view the fund as a timely opportunity to benefit from growing demand for aircraft financing, others may approach with caution due to concerns over oversupply and heightened competition. Competitors are likely to respond with aggressive marketing strategies or by forming new strategic partnerships to protect their market share. The success of MACH OE will hinge on its ability to distinguish itself within a crowded marketplace and to adeptly navigate the evolving regulatory environment governing aviation finance. By introducing an open-ended fund structure and leveraging strategic partnerships, Mercuria and Airborne Capital aim to attract a diverse investor base. The fund’s performance and market reception will be closely monitored as the aviation finance sector continues to develop.

IATA Unveils 2026 Global Events Focused on Cargo, Sustainability, and Aviation Innovation The International Air Transport Association (IATA) has revealed its comprehensive schedule of global events for 2026, designed to convene industry leaders and government officials to confront the most urgent challenges facing air transport. These forums will concentrate on critical themes such as cargo digitalization, sustainable aviation, safety, and the technological advancements that are reshaping the future of logistics and air freight. Strategic Forums Driving Industry Transformation IATA’s 2026 event lineup serves as a vital platform for key stakeholders to collaborate on addressing the sector’s evolving demands. The agenda emphasizes progress in areas including new fuel technologies and the modernization of payment systems within cargo transport. These discussions build upon established forums while introducing fresh topics essential to global air logistics. This initiative arrives amid mounting pressures on the industry, including market uncertainties in Latin America and the Caribbean, unpredictable economic fluctuations, and prolonged delays in aircraft deliveries. Highlighting Regional Growth and Aerospace Challenges Among the new events, the World Maintenance & Engineering Symposium, scheduled for June 23-25 in Madrid, Spain, will focus on overcoming supply chain bottlenecks in aerospace. Experts will examine innovative strategies to mitigate production delays that threaten to incur significant financial losses, with particular attention to the implications for freight forwarding and global haulage operations. In September, the Wings of Change Middle East & North Africa event will take place on the 8th and 9th in Manama, Bahrain. This forum will spotlight one of the fastest-growing air transport markets, bringing together airline executives and regulatory authorities to discuss regional growth dynamics, shifting customer expectations, and sustainability initiatives. Established Conferences Addressing Core Industry Priorities IATA’s flagship conferences remain central to the 2026 calendar, each targeting fundamental aspects of air transport and logistics. The World Cargo Symposium, set for March 10-12 in Lima, Peru, will address digitalization, sustainability, and safety/security in global air cargo, with a particular focus on adapting to geopolitical shifts and market volatility in Latin America. The World Data Symposium, scheduled for April 8-9 in Singapore, will explore the application of Big Data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cybersecurity, alongside fostering policy collaboration to enhance operational efficiency. In October, Istanbul, Türkiye, will host the World Safety and Operations Conference from the 6th to the 8th, concentrating on improving safety measures, especially concerning lithium battery risks and GNSS interference. Concurrently, the World Sustainability Symposium in Brussels, Belgium, will advance discussions on net-zero initiatives, sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) production, energy transition finance, and policy development. Later in the year, the World Passenger Symposium and the World Financial Symposium are planned for the fourth quarter, with dates to be confirmed. These events will respectively examine the impact of digital identity on passenger services and airline operations, as well as financial transformation, retail innovation, and new payment systems within aviation. Addressing Market Pressures and Competitive Dynamics With air freight and cargo remaining pivotal to global logistics, the industry’s focus on digital tools and sustainable practices underscores a broader drive toward modernization. Airlines are expected to prioritize profitability amid ongoing market uncertainties, with IATA projecting a net profit of approximately $14 billion for European carriers in 2026. Meanwhile, competitive pressures intensify, exemplified by FedEx’s plan to reinstate MD-11 aircraft into service in spring 2026, signaling heightened competition within the cargo sector. Responding to the Complexities of a Changing Industry The growing complexity of supply chains, particularly in aerospace maintenance and bulk cargo transport, demands continuous innovation to prevent costly delays. IATA’s 2026 events are positioned to provide critical insights and foster collaboration, supporting the industry’s efforts to enhance efficiency, sustainability, and resilience in an increasingly dynamic global environment.

HAECO Appoints Haijun Jiang as General Manager of Composite Services HAECO has announced the appointment of Haijun Jiang as General Manager of HAECO Composite Services, effective immediately. Based in Jinjiang, the division specializes in aircraft maintenance and engineering solutions, with a strong reputation for its comprehensive composite repair capabilities across engine nacelles, flight control surfaces, and radomes for a variety of aircraft models. Jiang will be responsible for steering the strategic direction and fostering business growth within this key sector of the company. Extensive Industry Experience and Leadership Haijun Jiang brings over 20 years of experience in the aerospace industry, including more than 15 years in senior commercial and operational leadership roles with full profit and loss accountability. His background also includes serving as a Part 145 Accountable Manager. Prior to joining HAECO, Jiang held the position of Regional Business Director at Parker Hannifin, where he was instrumental in driving business development and managing joint ventures across Mainland China. His earlier career encompassed management roles at Honeywell and an initial tenure at Guangzhou Aircraft Maintenance Engineering. Jiang holds an MBA from Tongji University and a bachelor’s degree in Electronics Engineering from Beihang University. Navigating Market Challenges and Technological Advancements In his new role, Jiang will focus on enhancing operational performance and profitability while maintaining rigorous standards of safety, quality, and regulatory compliance. His appointment coincides with a period of significant economic complexity within the aerospace sector. Factors such as internal divisions within the Federal Reserve and market anticipation of interest rate adjustments have contributed to historically elevated stock market valuations, creating a challenging environment for industry leaders. Jiang faces the task of managing these uncertainties, including anticipated market volatility in 2026 and increased sensitivity to policy shifts and economic indicators. Furthermore, competitors are increasingly adopting technological innovations, particularly in artificial intelligence, to boost productivity and transform earnings growth. To sustain HAECO Composite Services’ competitive advantage, Jiang will need to implement strategic adaptations aligned with these evolving industry trends. HAECO Composite Services continues to serve as a strategic partner to Airbus Avionics and holds the status of Authorised Component Repair Centre (Asia Pacific) for Bombardier Aerospace, Boeing Global Services, and Safran Nacelles. Under Jiang’s leadership, the company aims to consolidate its market position while proactively addressing the economic and technological forces shaping the future of aerospace maintenance and engineering.

Bjorn's Corner: Preparing Aircraft for Entry Into Service As the aviation industry strives to accelerate the development of large airliners, manufacturers are actively seeking methods to shorten the timeline from initial concept through certification and production. This analysis focuses on the critical phase of preparing a new aircraft for entry into service (EIS), a pivotal milestone that demands thorough planning to ensure seamless operational deployment and to secure future business prospects. Strategic Foundations for Entry Into Service The delivery of the first aircraft to an airline customer marks a significant transition from manufacturing to operational use. Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) must carefully orchestrate this phase, which typically begins 12 to 18 months prior to delivery. Early strategic decisions made during the conceptual design phase play a crucial role in shaping customer support frameworks. For startup OEMs in particular, choices regarding pilot training—whether conducted internally or outsourced—along with the development and certification of simulators, directly influence the program’s viability. Beyond training, OEMs must establish comprehensive support infrastructures, including spare parts inventories, logistics networks, technical documentation, ground support equipment, and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) capabilities. A well-articulated customer support plan is indispensable when presenting the aircraft to potential buyers, as it demonstrates readiness to support operational demands from the outset. Navigating Market Volatility and Operational Challenges The EIS process unfolds against a backdrop of considerable market uncertainty. Economic and political instability in regions such as Latin America and the Caribbean complicate demand forecasting and airline operations. Extended delivery lead times further challenge airlines’ ability to anticipate market shifts and maintain profitability. The industry is increasingly sensitive to policy fluctuations; sudden changes in tariffs, interest rates, or economic indicators can introduce volatility that affects both manufacturers and operators. Supply chain disruptions remain a persistent risk, with issues such as temporary fuel shortages or tariffs on essential materials threatening both production schedules and the operational readiness of new aircraft. These factors underscore the importance of robust collaboration between OEMs and airline customers to mitigate risks and ensure preparedness. Ensuring Operational Readiness Through Collaboration Preparing the customer for EIS involves more than delivering the aircraft; it requires integrating the OEM’s support team and key suppliers with the airline’s operational framework. This integration clarifies roles and responsibilities, fostering effective working relationships essential for addressing any gaps in readiness. A primary focus is ensuring the airline comprehends the maintenance plan and the recommended spare parts inventory. This understanding enables airlines to allocate appropriate personnel and tools across relevant locations, ensuring that necessary components are available when and where they are needed. By anticipating potential disruptions and establishing resilient support systems early, OEMs enhance the likelihood of a successful entry into service, even amid an increasingly unpredictable global environment.