Alaska Airlines Expands International Service with New Seattle Flights to London and Reykjavik

Russia’s Attempt to Lease Ethiopian Aircraft Fails Amid Sanctions Breakdown of Lease Negotiations Russia’s initiative to lease aircraft from Ethiopian Airlines has collapsed, according to reports from Ethiopian media, as ongoing international sanctions continue to isolate Moscow’s aviation sector and disrupt global markets. In late July, a Russian delegation approached Ethiopia’s Civil Aviation Authority (ECAA) with a proposal to lease planes operated by the country’s flag carrier. However, ECAA officials declined the request, stating they lacked the authority to compel Ethiopian Airlines to enter such an agreement. Ethiopian Airlines Group CEO Mesfin Tasew confirmed that no substantive negotiations had taken place and no deal was reached. Tasew emphasized the airline’s adherence to international regulations and U.S. law, noting that Russia remains subject to U.S. sanctions. “Ethiopian Airlines has strong operational and commercial ties with the United States,” he said. “We are not willing to take the risk of violating those laws.” He further explained that Ethiopian Airlines is actively pursuing additional aircraft to meet growing demand for passenger and cargo services, making a lease to Russia increasingly unlikely. Broader Implications of Sanctions on Russian Aviation The collapse of the Ethiopian lease agreement underscores the mounting difficulties Russia faces as Western sanctions, imposed in response to its invasion of Ukraine, continue to restrict access to aircraft, parts, and international leasing markets. This failure not only deprives Russia of critical aircraft but also highlights the risk of lost revenue and further isolation for its commercial aviation sector. Market responses to the sanctions have been varied. While the Russian rouble has weakened, this has paradoxically bolstered the state budget by increasing energy export revenues. At the same time, international lessors such as Air Lease Corp. are reportedly seeking to fill the gap left by Russia’s diminished presence in the global leasing market, targeting airlines in regions formerly served by Russian carriers. Wider Economic and Supply Chain Effects The impact of sanctions extends beyond aviation. Disruptions in the supply of Russian fertilizers are raising concerns in Latin America, where agricultural sectors depend heavily on these imports. Additionally, ongoing restrictions on Russian oil exports continue to affect global energy markets, contributing to price volatility and uncertainty. As Russia’s avenues for replenishing its commercial fleet narrow, the broader consequences of sanctions are becoming increasingly evident. These measures are not only constraining the country’s aviation industry but are also reverberating through global trade and supply chains.

OWS Shanghai Site Expands with Flight Deck Installation Advancing Engine Maintenance Efficiency in Pudong Located in Lingang, Pudong, Shanghai, GE Aerospace’s On Wing Support (OWS) quick-turn shop is a hub of intensive activity, where aircraft engines weighing over three tons are efficiently processed along a moving production line. This innovative approach departs from traditional engine maintenance practices, which typically involve stationary workstations. By adopting a moving repair line, the Shanghai facility has significantly enhanced operational efficiency and throughput. Launched in July 2023, the Shanghai OWS site represents GE Aerospace’s first quick-turn maintenance facility dedicated to China’s civil aviation market. It specializes in rapid servicing of CFM LEAP-1A/1B and CFM56-5B/7B engines, catering to customers throughout China and the broader Asian region. The facility focuses on module repair and replacement for critical engine components, including fans, compressors, combustion chambers, and turbines. Addressing Maintenance Challenges with Lean Operations Conventional engine maintenance involves a three-step process: disassembly, module repair or replacement, and reassembly. This cycle typically requires around 95 days to complete and is frequently hampered by supply chain disruptions, particularly when essential components must be sent overseas for repair. Such delays result in engines remaining idle at workstations, occupying tools and personnel, and creating bottlenecks that prevent new engines from entering the workflow. Wang Tao, the Shanghai OWS site leader, likens the situation to a hospital scenario: “It’s like sending a ‘sick’ engine to a hospital bed. If the medicine—replacement parts—doesn’t arrive, the patient remains stuck, and doctors and tools are tied up as well. With limited beds, new patients can’t be treated.” By early 2025, the facility was confronted with a growing backlog of LEAP engines awaiting repair, falling short of operational targets. In response, Wang and his team implemented FLIGHT DECK, GE Aerospace’s proprietary lean operating model designed to streamline workflows and reduce turnaround times. The recent installation of the flight deck at the Shanghai OWS site marks a pivotal advancement in this transformation, enabling the facility to better manage engine maintenance demands and improve service delivery. Navigating a Complex Aerospace Landscape This expansion occurs amid a rapidly evolving aerospace environment in China. The country is intensifying its response to SpaceX’s Starlink program while accelerating its own space technology initiatives, including lunar exploration and investments in artificial intelligence satellites. These developments have introduced a more complex regulatory landscape, with increased scrutiny and competitive pressures that may influence operations at facilities like OWS Shanghai. Market dynamics are also shifting, as the expansion of the Shanghai OWS site is likely to prompt competitors to enhance their technological capabilities or pursue strategic partnerships to maintain competitiveness. Innovation and collaboration are expected to be key drivers in the next phase of competition, as both domestic and international players respond to China’s growing ambitions in aerospace and space technology. Despite these challenges, the Shanghai OWS team remains committed to operational excellence and customer service. By leveraging the FLIGHT DECK model and adapting to the changing market environment, the facility aims to establish new benchmarks for engine maintenance in the region, ensuring that engines spend less time idle and more time in service.

DOT Raises Concerns Over Airlines’ Use of AI in Ticket Pricing The U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) has expressed significant concerns regarding the growing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) by airlines to determine ticket prices. While dynamic pricing based on demand and timing is a longstanding practice in the industry, the integration of AI introduces new complexities, particularly around the use of detailed customer data to personalize fares. The DOT’s apprehensions focus on potential privacy violations and the risk of discriminatory pricing. Privacy and Fairness Under Scrutiny Lawmakers and consumer advocates have voiced alarm over the possibility that airlines might exploit personal information—such as social media activity and geolocation data—to tailor ticket prices for individual travelers. Senator Richard Blumenthal has been particularly vocal, warning that such practices could undermine consumer privacy and result in unfair pricing strategies. The concern is that AI-driven pricing models may not only obscure how fares are set but also create disparities among customers based on data profiles rather than transparent market factors. Delta Air Lines has already begun experimenting with AI-powered dynamic pricing and plans to expand its application substantially. The airline aims to price up to 20 percent of its domestic fares using AI by the end of 2025. This initiative has intensified scrutiny from regulators and advocacy groups, who fear that increased reliance on AI could reduce pricing transparency and disadvantage certain groups of travelers. Transportation analyst Seth Kaplan highlights the dual nature of AI in this context. While acknowledging that AI can help airlines optimize revenue, he emphasizes the ethical and regulatory challenges it poses. “The concern is that AI could enable airlines to charge different prices to different people for the same seat, based not just on when they buy, but on who they are and what the airline knows about them,” Kaplan explained. Regulatory Oversight and Future Implications In response to these developments, the DOT has committed to closely monitoring how airlines implement AI in their pricing strategies. The department stresses the importance of safeguarding consumer rights and maintaining fairness and transparency in ticketing practices. As airlines continue to explore advanced technologies, the debate over the role of AI in airfare pricing is expected to intensify, raising critical questions about the balance between innovation, privacy, and equitable treatment of consumers.

Experts Discuss the Impact of Advanced Autonomy and Progress Toward Artificial General Intelligence Agentic artificial intelligence (AI)—systems capable of autonomous decision-making and ownership of outcomes—is increasingly being adopted across various industries, with air transport emerging as a prominent testing ground. Unlike traditional AI, which primarily responds to inputs, agentic AI independently executes tasks, interacts with humans, and adapts to changing environments. This evolution is reshaping operational models and accelerating progress toward the development of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Leading organizations such as Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport (CVG), Lufthansa Industry Solutions, Aeroporti di Roma, Fraport, and DataArt have been at the forefront of implementing agentic AI solutions. These industry leaders recently shared their insights on the practical applications and future potential of agentic AI ahead of the FTE Global event—often described as the “CES of Aviation”—scheduled for September 2025 in Long Beach, California. Real-World Applications at CVG Airport CVG Airport, a Corporate Partner of the FTE Digital, Innovation & Startup Hub, is actively deploying agentic AI technologies to improve operational efficiency, enhance customer experience, and optimize asset utilization. Brian Cobb, Chief Innovation Officer at CVG, identifies three primary benefits of these systems. First, dynamic routing of stands, gates, and vehicles powered by AI reduces delays and streamlines traffic flow. Second, autonomous queue management and wayfinding agents help minimize wait times and provide personalized services, thereby increasing passenger satisfaction and ancillary revenue. Third, energy-optimization agents automatically adjust HVAC and charging systems based on occupancy forecasts, leading to significant reductions in power consumption. Cobb emphasizes that these “sense-decide-act” agents enable far more rapid decision-making than traditional dashboard analytics, marking a shift from passive monitoring to active, autonomous management. Among the notable pilot projects at CVG are CLEAR (Critical Limits Evaluation & Adaptive Routing), a co-developed system that integrates sensor data to manage ground vehicle traffic by prioritizing logistics and personal vehicles to prevent bottlenecks and ensure smooth cargo operations. Additionally, the Aurrigo Auto-DollyTug® employs onboard vision and scheduling agents to optimize baggage and cargo movement on the ramp, addressing labor shortages and allowing staff to focus on higher-value tasks. Within the terminal, Veovo’s Curb-to-Gate Flow Agents utilize predictive models to manage passenger flow, maximize queue efficiency, and support concession partners with timely sales opportunities. Challenges and Industry Response Despite the promising benefits of agentic AI, its widespread adoption faces several challenges. Regulatory frameworks, ethical considerations, and the need for significant investments in infrastructure and workforce development remain critical concerns. As AI systems gain greater autonomy, issues related to accountability, transparency, and safety are increasingly under scrutiny. The market has responded with growing investor interest in companies pioneering AI and robotics innovation. Industry players are accelerating research and development efforts, forging strategic partnerships, and exploring ways to leverage advanced autonomy to maintain competitive advantage. Recent technological breakthroughs, including Japan’s record-setting internet speeds and advancements in humanoid robotics, highlight the rapid pace of innovation and the intensifying global race to shape the future of AI-driven industries. As agentic AI continues to mature, its integration into complex environments such as airports offers a compelling preview of a future in which machines not only assist but actively manage and optimize critical operations, bringing the vision of Artificial General Intelligence closer to realization.

Etihad Introduces First-Class Suites on Single-Aisle Aircraft Etihad Airways has pioneered a new chapter in aviation by becoming the first airline to offer fully enclosed first-class suites on a single-aisle aircraft. The launch of its inaugural A321LR flight from Abu Dhabi to Phuket, which sold out entirely, marks a significant advancement in the carrier’s ambition to extend the luxury and sophistication traditionally associated with widebody aircraft to shorter, regional routes. Innovation in Cabin Design and Passenger Experience The new A321LR, the first of 30 aircraft scheduled to join Etihad’s fleet, features two fully enclosed first-class suites equipped with sliding doors and flat beds—an unprecedented offering for a narrowbody jet. Each suite includes a 20-inch 4K screen, wireless charging, Bluetooth pairing, and space for private dining that can accommodate a companion. This level of privacy and comfort has historically been reserved for larger, long-haul aircraft, making Etihad’s innovation a notable departure from industry norms. Business class on the A321LR comprises 14 seats arranged in a 1-1 herringbone configuration, ensuring direct aisle access for every passenger, a layout typically found only on widebody aircraft. Each business seat is fitted with a 17.3-inch 4K display and wireless charging capabilities. Economy class has also been enhanced, featuring 144 ergonomically designed seats with generous legroom, 13.3-inch 4K touchscreens, and Bluetooth headphone pairing, offering amenities that surpass those of many airlines’ premium economy cabins. All cabins are equipped with high-speed Wi-Fi capable of supporting video conferencing, streaming, and gaming. This connectivity is being progressively introduced on Asian routes, representing a significant improvement in internet capabilities for narrowbody aircraft. Challenges and Industry Implications Despite the impressive advancements, Etihad’s introduction of first-class suites on a single-aisle aircraft presents certain challenges. The limited space inherent to narrowbody jets complicates the design and installation of such luxurious suites, which may affect passenger perceptions of value, particularly on shorter routes. While some travelers are likely to appreciate the enhanced comfort and privacy, others may question whether the premium experience justifies the aircraft’s smaller size and the typically shorter flight durations. The market’s response to this innovation will be closely observed, especially as competitors such as Swiss Airlines have recently introduced private first-class suites with beds, emphasizing privacy and exclusivity. The broader aviation industry is also undergoing transformation, with developments in narrow-body electric aircraft and new engine technologies expected to influence future strategies and passenger expectations. Etihad’s move to introduce first-class suites on a single-aisle jet signals a shift in premium travel, aiming to redefine passenger expectations on short and medium-haul flights. The sold-out inaugural flight underscores strong demand for elevated experiences and may set a new benchmark for luxury in single-aisle aircraft, potentially prompting further innovation across the industry.

Caerdav to Provide Customized Aircraft Maintenance for AerCap Strategic Partnership Amid Industry Challenges Caerdav has entered into a general terms agreement with AerCap to deliver a comprehensive range of maintenance services across the global lessor’s aircraft portfolio. This collaboration highlights Caerdav’s flexible approach and strong in-house engineering capabilities, focusing primarily on Boeing 737 and Airbus A320 aircraft. The scope of work includes end-of-lease and transition checks, entry-into-service tasks, and redelivery maintenance, tailored to meet AerCap’s operational requirements. Operating from its St Athan facility within the Cardiff Airport Aerospace Enterprise Zone, Caerdav will utilize its skilled engineering teams and adaptable project management to provide bespoke support for AerCap’s fleet. The company’s substantial investment in back-shop capabilities—encompassing non-destructive testing, paint repairs, restoration, and heat treatments—positions it as a comprehensive service provider for leasing customers. This integrated approach aims to streamline maintenance processes and reduce aircraft turnaround times. Industry Context and Competitive Landscape The agreement arrives at a time when the aviation maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) sector is confronting significant challenges. A global shortage of technical labor is particularly acute, as evidenced by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation’s (DGCA) recent recruitment efforts in India, where nearly 55% of technical positions remain unfilled. This shortage threatens the availability of skilled personnel essential for specialized maintenance services, compelling MRO providers worldwide to reevaluate their recruitment and training strategies to maintain service continuity. In response to evolving market demands, competitors are advancing technological capabilities and expanding their service offerings. Firms such as Aeras Aviation are enhancing their presence in key markets like the United States, focusing on end-of-life engine solutions and incorporating AI-supported material planning to improve operational efficiency. These developments reflect a broader industry trend toward digitalization and capacity enhancement, driven by growing demand for MRO services amid the aviation sector’s rapid expansion and the introduction of new engine programs. Strategic Advantages for AerCap and Caerdav For AerCap, a global leader in aircraft, engine, and helicopter leasing, the partnership with Caerdav provides access to specialized expertise and a strategically located maintenance hub. The St Athan facility, situated on a former Royal Air Force maintenance base, features a 6,000-foot instrument landing system (ILS) runway and parking capacity for up to 20 narrow-bodied aircraft. This infrastructure underpins Caerdav’s specialization in Airbus A320 and Boeing 737 maintenance. With a robust growth strategy and expanding capacity, Caerdav is positioned to enhance its support for the leasing sector, navigating the opportunities and challenges presented by a dynamic and evolving MRO landscape.

Willis Lease Finance Reports 29.4% Revenue Increase in Q2 2025 Willis Lease Finance Corporation (WLFC) announced a record-breaking second quarter in 2025, with total revenue rising 29.4% year-over-year to $195.5 million, up from $151.1 million in Q2 2024. The company attributed this significant growth to strong leasing demand, high asset utilization, and increased recurring revenues, highlighting the continued resilience of the aviation market. Revenue Growth Driven by Leasing and Maintenance Services Core lease rent and maintenance reserve revenues reached $123.0 million, marking a 4% increase from $118.8 million in the same quarter last year. This growth was primarily driven by airlines seeking cost-effective leasing and maintenance solutions to avoid expensive engine shop visits. Short-term maintenance revenues, generated from engines on lease with non-reimbursable usage fees, rose 9.5% to $50.2 million. This increase reflected both a higher volume of engines under short-term contracts and systematic rises in contractual usage rates. Sales of spare parts and equipment experienced a substantial surge, climbing to $30.4 million compared to $6.2 million in Q2 2024. This growth was supported by a $21.1 million sale of a single engine. Spare parts sales alone increased by 49.3%, driven by operators extending the service life of current-generation engine fleets and heightened demand for surplus materials. Gains from Equipment Sales and Strategic Divestitures The quarter also included a $27.6 million gain from the sale of leased equipment, which comprised 14 engines, two airframes, and additional components. This figure more than doubled the $14.4 million gain recorded in Q2 2024, which involved the sale of seven engines and eight airframes. Additionally, WLFC completed the sale of its UK aviation consultancy, Bridgend Asset Management Limited, to its WMES joint venture, resulting in a gain of approximately $43.0 million. As of June 30, 2025, the book value of WLFC’s lease assets—including equipment for operating leases, maintenance rights, notes receivable, and investments in sales-type leases—stood at $3.25 billion. Market Outlook and Competitive Challenges Despite these record results, Willis Lease Finance faces potential challenges in maintaining its revenue momentum amid intensifying competition and broader economic uncertainties. Competitors in the aviation and industrial leasing sectors are expected to respond to WLFC’s strong performance by pursuing similar market opportunities, which could increase competitive pressures. Nonetheless, market sentiment remains positive. Analysts have issued buy recommendations following WLFC’s record earnings and strategic expansion, emphasizing the company’s capacity to capitalize on growing demand for leasing and maintenance solutions within the aviation industry.

Air India to Internalize Fleet Maintenance, Partners with Singapore Airlines Following Ahmedabad Crash Air India is undertaking a significant shift in its aircraft maintenance strategy by bringing key services in-house and leveraging the technical expertise of its shareholder, Singapore Airlines (SIA). This strategic move marks a departure from the previous reliance on the state-owned AI Engineering Services Ltd. (AIESL) for maintenance operations. The decision follows the tragic crash of flight AI 171 in Ahmedabad in June, which resulted in the deaths of 241 of the 242 people on board. The incident triggered a comprehensive safety audit across the sector and led to the temporary suspension of certain services. Transition to In-House Maintenance The plan to internalize maintenance functions was already part of Air India’s broader transformation agenda prior to the Ahmedabad disaster. However, the airline had initially delayed implementation to focus on increasing flight frequencies and improving passenger experience. The crash has since accelerated these efforts, underscoring the urgent need to enhance safety and operational reliability. Concerns over the quality of services provided by AIESL, including recurring issues such as malfunctioning aircraft toilets, have contributed to Air India’s decision to assume greater control over maintenance. While the airline will maintain a collaborative relationship with AIESL, it intends to take direct responsibility for pre-flight and daily inspections, minor repairs, and troubleshooting activities. An Air India spokesperson highlighted the challenges posed by the airline’s expanding fleet, which now comprises 570 aircraft, including a substantial number of widebody jets. The spokesperson noted that India’s current Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) infrastructure is insufficient to support operations at this scale. To meet future demands and uphold world-class safety and reliability standards, Air India must invest in developing robust domestic MRO capabilities. Singapore Airlines’ Involvement and Market Implications Singapore Airlines, holding a 25.1% stake in Air India, is positioned to play a crucial role in this transition. An SIA representative confirmed the airline’s active involvement in supporting Air India’s transformation, providing technical expertise and guidance as needed. This partnership is expected to grant Air India access to advanced technical resources and international best practices, thereby strengthening its maintenance operations and aligning them with global safety standards. Nonetheless, the transition presents significant challenges, including managing operational changes, ensuring compliance with international aviation regulations, and mitigating reputational damage stemming from the Ahmedabad crash. The operational difficulties faced by Air India have also impacted Singapore Airlines’ financial results, contributing to a 59% decline in profit for the quarter ending June 30. The increased scrutiny following the crash has prompted competitors to reinforce their own safety and maintenance protocols, while industry observers closely monitor Air India’s response to regulatory and public concerns. Audit Outcomes and Industry Response A recent audit conducted by the Directorate General of Civil Aviation revealed that the Air India Group exhibited the highest number of safety-related issues among Indian carriers. Initiated prior to the Ahmedabad crash, the audit has intensified attention on the airline’s operational practices and safety measures. As Air India moves forward with its maintenance overhaul, it faces the dual challenge of restoring public confidence and ensuring that its expanded fleet adheres to the highest safety and reliability standards. The collaboration with Singapore Airlines is regarded as a vital component in rebuilding trust and positioning Air India for sustainable growth within a highly competitive aviation market.

MAAS Aviation Appoints New General Manager for MRO Division MAAS Aviation, a specialist in aircraft painting and exterior coatings, has announced the appointment of Patrick Fransen as General Manager of its Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) division. In his new role, Fransen will oversee the company’s European MRO aircraft painting operations, managing day-to-day activities at facilities located in Maastricht, Netherlands, and Kaunas, Lithuania. Leadership and Experience Fransen joins MAAS Aviation from the European Support Center, where he held a senior operational role. He brings extensive experience in operational excellence, team development, and customer satisfaction. Reflecting on his appointment, Fransen stated that the position offers a unique blend of strategic leadership and hands-on management, which he finds highly motivating. He also highlighted the appeal of leading a dynamic, international team within a growing organisation renowned for servicing major European airlines such as Ryanair and easyJet. Challenges in the MRO Sector Fransen assumes leadership amid a rapidly evolving MRO landscape marked by significant challenges. The sector requires substantial investment to upgrade MRO networks and address operational delays and irregularities. A shortage of skilled technical labor, particularly in regions like India, further complicates the operational environment. Additionally, the industry faces production challenges linked to the increasing adoption of higher-voltage technology as aircraft systems become more advanced. Competition within the MRO market is intensifying, with companies forming strategic joint ventures to expand capabilities and integrate advanced technologies. Notably, partnerships such as XEOS, a collaboration with Lufthansa Technik, exemplify this trend. The growing use of AI-enabled inspection techniques is also transforming operational standards, compelling firms to innovate continuously to maintain efficiency and quality. Strategic Outlook In this context, Fransen’s leadership will be pivotal as MAAS Aviation strives to uphold its reputation for quality and reliability while adapting to ongoing industry shifts. His emphasis on operational excellence and customer satisfaction is expected to play a central role in navigating these challenges and supporting the continued growth of the company’s MRO division.

3TOP Acquires Trent 700 Engine Portfolio, Expanding Wide-Body Market Presence 3TOP has completed the acquisition of two Rolls-Royce Trent 700 engines, serial numbers 41623 and 41624, marking a pivotal expansion into the wide-body engine sector. The Trent 700, widely recognized for its reliability and strong aftermarket performance on Airbus A330 aircraft, will be incorporated into 3TOP’s teardown and leasing inventory. This strategic addition enhances the company’s capacity to provide flexible and cost-effective solutions to its global clientele. Strategic Expansion into Wide-Body Engines This acquisition represents 3TOP’s inaugural entry into the Trent family of wide-body powerplants, extending its portfolio beyond its established focus on regional and narrow-body engines. Chief Executive Officer Chris Emechete highlighted the significance of the deal, noting that it aligns with the company’s broader strategy to invest in high-value assets with proven aftermarket credentials. The move is intended to diversify 3TOP’s offerings across multiple aircraft platforms, thereby strengthening its competitive position in the aerospace aftermarket. The newly acquired Trent 700 engines will serve dual functions: they will be dismantled for parts reclamation and integrated into 3TOP’s leasing pool. This dual approach aims to support airlines and maintenance providers worldwide by reducing operational downtime and enhancing maintenance efficiency. Market Challenges and Competitive Dynamics While the acquisition signals growth, it also presents operational challenges. Integrating Trent 700 technology and maintaining service capabilities across both new and existing engine types will require meticulous management. The transaction is expected to draw scrutiny from competitors and regulatory authorities, who will assess compliance with industry standards and fair competition practices. In response, rival firms may intensify efforts to improve their engine maintenance services or accelerate the development of new technologies to counterbalance 3TOP’s expanded capabilities. The broader aerospace market context adds further complexity. Recent reports indicate that RTX, a major aerospace sector player, has revised profit forecasts downward due to tariff-related costs. Such developments could influence competitive strategies and market dynamics, potentially affecting how companies like 3TOP and its competitors position themselves within the aftermarket engine sector. Despite these challenges, 3TOP’s acquisition underscores its ambition to grow and diversify its product offerings for key customers worldwide. By incorporating the Trent 700 engines into its inventory, the company is poised to reinforce its role as a reliable partner in engine support and leasing within the aerospace aftermarket.