AI Advances Transform Weather Forecasting for Pilots

Lufthansa and Munich Airport Extend Partnership Through 2056 Lufthansa Group and Munich Airport (FMG) have announced the extension of their longstanding partnership until 2056, reaffirming Munich’s position as a premier European aviation hub. Central to this renewed collaboration is the planned expansion of Terminal 2, which will include the construction of a new “T-Pier” connecting at a right angle to the existing satellite building. Set to open in 2035, the T-Pier is expected to increase Terminal 2’s capacity by up to ten million passengers annually. This expansion aims to accommodate rising demand and facilitate the growth of long-haul operations from Munich. The project represents a significant milestone for Germany’s second-largest airport and reflects a shared commitment to enhancing global connectivity. The announcement also initiates the detailed planning phase, underscoring the ongoing success of the Lufthansa–FMG partnership. Navigating Challenges and Market Dynamics The expanded partnership unfolds amid a competitive and evolving European aviation landscape. Lufthansa and Munich Airport face challenges including intensified rivalry from other major hubs, potential operational disruptions linked to geopolitical conflicts, and the necessity to adapt to shifting passenger demands. Recent trends indicate a marked increase in demand for Lufthansa flights to Asia and Africa, partly influenced by ongoing conflicts in the Middle East. This shift in passenger preferences is likely to impact future route planning and capacity distribution. Market responses to the expansion may involve realignments in airline alliances and infrastructure investments by competitors seeking to attract travelers. In this context, Lufthansa and FMG are strategically investing in modern, high-capacity facilities to maintain Munich’s competitiveness and meet evolving market requirements. Economic Impact and Strategic Vision Beyond infrastructure development, the expansion is anticipated to generate significant economic benefits, including the creation of secure, high-quality jobs in the airport region and enhanced competitiveness for Germany as an international aviation hub. Lufthansa CEO Carsten Spohr emphasized the importance of a long-term, trust-based collaboration in transforming Munich into a high-performance hub recognized globally for quality, reliability, and customer focus. He characterized the investment as more than an infrastructure project, framing it as a clear commitment to Bavaria as a gateway to the world and to Germany’s role in global aviation. Spohr also highlighted the strategic importance of robust aviation infrastructure amid an increasingly complex geopolitical environment, noting that strong, well-connected hubs are essential for maintaining independent global links. Alongside the Munich expansion, Lufthansa will continue to invest in its Frankfurt hub, reinforcing its broader mission to connect Germany and Europe with the world.

First Upgraded RM12 Engine Delivered to Swedish Air Force GKN Aerospace has successfully delivered the first upgraded RM12EP engine to the Swedish Armed Forces, marking a pivotal advancement in the enhancement of the Gripen C/D fighter fleet. This delivery forms part of a comprehensive programme aimed at extending the operational lifespan and improving the performance of the Gripen C/D aircraft, which have been in service for between 11 and 23 years. The RM12EP Upgrade Programme Initiated in 2019 and valued at approximately SEK 400 million (£32 million/$42.8 million), the RM12EP (Enhanced Performance) programme seeks to augment the capabilities of the Swedish Air Force’s Gripen C/D fleet. The upgrade involves the integration of advanced turbine hardware alongside updated engine control software. These improvements are designed to increase engine thrust, prolong operational hours, and reduce lifecycle costs, thereby ensuring that the Gripen C/D remains a highly capable and cost-effective platform for the foreseeable future. All upgrade activities are carried out at GKN Aerospace’s facility in Trollhättan, Sweden. The company oversees the development, manufacture, system support, and maintenance of both the RM12 engine for the Gripen C/D and the more powerful RM16 engine for the newer Gripen E/F variant. The RM16 engine entered service with the Swedish Air Force in October last year as part of a 60-aircraft procurement, underscoring GKN Aerospace’s integral role in supporting Sweden’s evolving air combat capabilities. Collaboration and Future Deliveries The delivery of the first RM12EP engine highlights extensive cross-functional collaboration within GKN Aerospace, involving teams from engineering, production, quality assurance, procurement, and logistics, as well as key partners GE and Saab. Additional upgraded engines are scheduled for ongoing delivery to the Swedish Armed Forces in accordance with the programme timeline. Despite anticipated challenges stemming from global supply-chain disruptions, GKN Aerospace’s strong aftermarket support and improved contractual margins have contributed to increased profitability for Rolls-Royce’s aerospace division, even amid a recent decline in overall engine deliveries. The upgraded RM12EP engine will serve as the foundation for continued operation and maintenance of the Gripen C/D fleet, reinforcing Sweden’s commitment to sustaining a modern and effective air force. GKN Aerospace remains responsible for ensuring the reliability and performance of both the RM12 and RM16 engines as part of its enduring partnership with the Swedish Armed Forces.

Superjet 100 Undergoes Extensive System Replacements Amid Engine Transition Russia’s Superjet 100 regional airliner is currently undergoing a significant overhaul as it prepares to replace its French SaM-146 engines with the domestically produced PD-8. This transition involves the replacement of 49 key systems, marking a major step toward reducing dependence on imported components. According to reports from *AviaTransReview*, four Superjet 100 aircraft are actively engaged in testing these newly developed parts, underscoring the scale and complexity of the modernization effort. Aviation expert Oleg Panteleev has emphasized that while the technical feasibility of re-engining the existing fleet—comprising approximately 150 aircraft—is established, the primary obstacle lies in the economic domain. He noted that the challenge extends beyond the engines themselves, as dozens of other imported systems must also be substituted to achieve full localization. This comprehensive replacement effort presents a multifaceted challenge, involving supply chain management, system compatibility, and significant financial investment. Economic and Industry Implications of the Modernization The financial implications of replacing the SaM-146 engines with PD-8 units are considerable. Roman Gusarov, speaking to *First Technical*, highlighted the substantial costs involved and pointed out that funding sources for the project remain uncertain. This economic uncertainty has elicited mixed reactions from market participants. Some investors question the cost-effectiveness and overall feasibility of simultaneously replacing engines and nearly fifty critical systems. Others, however, view the initiative as a strategic move to enhance the Superjet’s performance and competitiveness on the global stage. The broader aviation sector continues to grapple with structural challenges, yet there is notable growth potential, particularly in emerging markets such as Brazil, where airlines are actively expanding their networks. Competitors are closely observing the Superjet’s progress, with industry analysts suggesting that successful certification and integration of the new systems could alter market dynamics. Should the upgrades prove effective, they may prompt increased scrutiny of the Superjet’s capabilities and position it as a more formidable competitor in the regional aircraft market. As the Superjet 100 advances toward certification for the PD-8 engine and the integration of the new systems, the outcome will have significant implications not only for Russia’s regional aviation industry but also for broader trends in aircraft localization and supply chain resilience. The coming months are poised to be critical as stakeholders await regulatory approval and greater clarity regarding the project’s financial framework.

China Aircraft Leasing Projects 31.5% Profit Increase in 2025 Amid Rising Aviation Demand China Aircraft Leasing Group Holdings (HK:1848) has announced a projected 31.5% increase in profit attributable to shareholders for the year 2025, reaching HK$338.5 million. This forecast comes despite a modest 3.6% decline in revenue to HK$5.02 billion. Basic earnings per share are expected to rise to HK$0.454. The board has decided to maintain the full-year dividend at HK$0.30 per share, which includes a recommended final dividend of HK$0.18, and will continue its scrip dividend scheme. These decisions reflect the company’s confidence in its cash flow generation and overall financial stability. Financial Performance and Strategic Positioning The company’s anticipated profit growth underscores its ability to leverage strong passenger demand both globally and within China. Through disciplined operational management and forward-looking planning, China Aircraft Leasing has enhanced its competitiveness and profitability. The slight dip in revenue, juxtaposed with rising profits, suggests improved operational efficiency and margin expansion. For shareholders and airline clients alike, the steady dividend payout and reinforced financial results signal a stable capital return profile and a sustained capacity to support fleet expansion initiatives. Industry Challenges and Market Dynamics Despite these positive indicators, China Aircraft Leasing faces several challenges amid a rapidly evolving aviation landscape. Increasing competition from global aircraft lessors, volatility in fuel prices, and potential regulatory changes pose risks to future growth. The competitive environment is intensifying, with rivals engaging in strategic partnerships and acquisitions to secure market share. For instance, Elbe Flugzeugwerke’s recent A330P2F conversion deal exemplifies such strategic moves. Additionally, emerging trends such as the growing demand for situational awareness in the C4ISR aircraft market and the projected expansion of the Asia-Pacific Engine Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) market—expected to exceed $30 billion by 2035—are likely to influence industry dynamics and competitive strategies. Market response to China Aircraft Leasing’s profit outlook may drive increased investor interest, although the most recent analyst rating on the stock remains a “Sell” with a price target of HK$5.00. The company’s average daily trading volume is 606,398 shares, and its current market capitalization stands at HK$2.71 billion. Outlook and Industry Context Listed in Hong Kong and incorporated in the Cayman Islands, China Aircraft Leasing operates on a global scale with a particular emphasis on the rapidly expanding Chinese civil aviation sector. The sustained growth in passenger traffic and improving industry performance in China continue to underpin demand for the group’s fleet and leasing services. As the aviation industry contends with capacity constraints and record passenger load factors, China Aircraft Leasing’s prudent management and strategic positioning suggest it is well-placed to capitalize on long-term growth in aircraft leasing demand. Nonetheless, the company remains vigilant in navigating the challenges posed by an increasingly competitive and dynamic market environment.

FAA Approves 400-Mile Range Increase for Boeing 787 Dreamliner The Boeing 787 Dreamliner, the world’s best-selling widebody jetliner, has received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) approval for a significant enhancement: a 400-mile increase in range enabled by a higher maximum takeoff weight (iMTOW). This upgrade allows the 787-9 and 787-10 variants to carry additional fuel, passengers, or cargo, thereby extending their operational reach on ultra-long-haul routes and providing airlines with greater flexibility. Enhanced Capabilities and Early Adoption The first Dreamliners incorporating these design improvements are currently advancing through ticketing and delivery processes with Boeing and the FAA. Air New Zealand, the launch customer for the 787-9, is poised to be among the initial operators of the upgraded aircraft. The airline regards the increased payload capacity as a critical factor in expanding its network, supporting trade, tourism, and connectivity for New Zealand. Baden Smith, Air New Zealand’s network strategy manager, emphasized the importance of the additional capacity, particularly for the carrier’s longest routes. This upgrade is the result of structural refinements in the latest 787-9 and 787-10 models. Since December 2025, the 787-9 has been able to carry 10,000 pounds more than previous versions, while the 787-10’s capacity has increased by 14,000 pounds. John Murphy, the 787 chief project engineer, explained that these improvements were driven by airline feedback seeking greater operational flexibility. Safety Oversight and Market Response While the FAA’s approval marks a milestone, it is accompanied by heightened scrutiny. The agency has proposed that airlines conduct inspections of 787 aircraft for potential fatigue issues linked to manufacturing errors, specifically the presence of excessively large "shim gaps" between structural components. These gaps could cause fatigue cracks under high stress, prompting the FAA to recommend inspections to safeguard long-term airworthiness. Although this introduces additional operational considerations, the market and airlines have responded positively to the range extension. The Dreamliner’s Impact and Boeing’s Challenges Since its introduction in 2011, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner family has transformed global aviation by enabling more than 530 new non-stop routes and delivering approximately 25% greater fuel efficiency compared to older aircraft. This efficiency has allowed airlines to profitably serve both major hubs and niche destinations, adapting swiftly to changing demand patterns. Darren Holst, Boeing’s vice president, highlighted the Dreamliner’s adaptability as a key factor behind its widespread adoption, with over 1,200 units delivered to date. Despite this positive momentum, Boeing continues to face challenges. The company is addressing issues related to premium class seats on the 787 and potential wiring flaws that have delayed deliveries of its 737 MAX jets. Competition remains intense, with Airbus securing new orders and Boeing achieving its highest monthly delivery total since 2018 by delivering 51 jets in February. The iMTOW upgrade represents a further milestone for the Dreamliner, reinforcing its role as a cornerstone of modern long-haul fleets. As airlines such as Air New Zealand prepare to deploy the enhanced aircraft, industry observers will be closely monitoring how Boeing manages the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead.

Lack of Transit Facilities and MRO Services Hinders Nigeria’s Aviation Growth The development of Nigeria’s aviation sector is being significantly constrained by the absence of efficient transit hubs and insufficient maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) infrastructure, industry experts have cautioned. Speaking at the recent Fireside Chat with African Aviators 2.0, organised by the African Aviation Group in Lagos, Debo Adewolu, Customer Service Manager for Africa and the Middle East at Embraer, identified these persistent shortcomings as critical obstacles to the industry’s growth and regional competitiveness. Challenges in Transit and Maintenance Infrastructure Despite Nigeria’s position as one of Africa’s largest aviation markets, the country continues to underperform as a functional transit hub, thereby missing out on substantial passenger traffic and associated revenue streams. Adewolu highlighted that poor regional connectivity, coupled with the lack of local MRO facilities, compels Nigerian airlines to transport aircraft across the continent for routine maintenance. This practice not only escalates operational costs but also causes logistical disruptions and delays in essential maintenance, ultimately undermining operational efficiency. The repercussions of these deficiencies are evident across the market. Airlines increasingly seek alternative routes or rely on international MRO providers to fulfil their maintenance requirements. In response, some competitors have begun investing in their own MRO capabilities or forging partnerships with global firms to circumvent the limitations of local services. These challenges are further exacerbated by broader industry pressures, including a highly competitive feedstock market and operational difficulties faced by MRO providers in regions such as the Middle East, where geopolitical conflicts have disrupted supply chains. Strategic Aircraft Deployment and Support Initiatives Adewolu underscored the importance of deploying appropriately sized aircraft tailored to Africa’s fragmented and evolving markets. He stressed that aircraft availability is vital for the development and sustainability of routes. Embraer is actively supporting operators’ efforts to establish local MRO capabilities to address these critical gaps. “A market as big as Nigeria still struggles as a transit airport. Lack of MRO capabilities is still a major issue, as many airlines need to ferry aircraft around the continent for basic maintenance,” Adewolu remarked. He further explained that Embraer’s support extends beyond aircraft delivery, encompassing a comprehensive entry-into-service programme that includes training, technical and operational support, and flight operations engineering. The company also provides a 24-hour global support system, ensuring operators have access to round-the-clock technical assistance. Adewolu highlighted the suitability of Embraer’s E-Jet family for African routes, particularly those with low passenger volumes. According to Embraer’s ‘Africa Connectivity Report’, approximately 64 percent of intra-African routes operate fewer than seven weekly flights, making smaller-capacity aircraft more economically viable. The E-Jets, which seat between 70 and 150 passengers, enable airlines to operate profitably on such routes while minimising risk and improving seat economics. He further emphasised that smaller aircraft facilitate increased flight frequencies, a crucial factor in enhancing connectivity across the continent. The introduction of direct flights on underserved routes could also stimulate demand, as outlined in Embraer’s ‘Connecting Africa’ report. As Nigeria’s aviation sector continues to confront these infrastructure and operational challenges, industry stakeholders are urging urgent investment in transit and MRO facilities to unlock the country’s full aviation potential and establish it as a genuine regional hub.

Aircraft Orders Rise 83% in February Amid Growing Aviation Demand UK commercial aircraft orders surged by 83% year-on-year in February 2026, marking the strongest February orderbook since 2023 and signaling renewed confidence in the global aviation sector. This robust growth was driven by heightened demand at major industry events and a notable resurgence in widebody aircraft orders, which serve as a key indicator of recovery in long-haul travel. Widebody Orders Reflect Long-Haul Travel Recovery February saw an order of fourteen widebody aircraft, a significant increase from zero in the same month last year. This sharp rise underscores growing airline optimism regarding the expansion of long-haul routes and international networks after years of uncertainty in global travel. Aimie Stone, Chief Economist at UK trade association ADS, highlighted that the figures demonstrate a strong growth trend and rising confidence in the aviation market. She attributed part of this uplift to the success of the Singapore Airshow and other global industry gatherings, noting that the substantial share of widebody aircraft orders points to sustained interest in long-haul travel and network expansion. Deliveries and Backlog Reach Post-Pandemic Highs Amid Supply Chain Challenges Aircraft deliveries continued their upward trajectory, with 87 commercial aircraft delivered in February—the highest monthly total since 2019 and marking the fifth consecutive year of February growth. This sustained increase indicates that manufacturers are gradually ramping up production despite ongoing industrial and logistical challenges. Simultaneously, the global aircraft backlog reached a new February record, rising 4% to 16,412 aircraft. At current production rates, this backlog represents over £260 billion in potential value to the UK economy. However, the expanding order pipeline also highlights persistent pressures within the aerospace supply chain. Manufacturers continue to face constraints that limit the speed at which orders can be fulfilled, reflecting concerns about supply chain bottlenecks, regulatory hurdles, and tariff uncertainties previously reported by industry analysts. Market Dynamics and Industry Outlook The surge in orders has elicited positive market responses, with competitors expected to increase production to meet rising demand. The significant backlog within the UK aerospace supply chain underscores the urgency for manufacturers to scale operations effectively. Meanwhile, structural barriers in other regions, such as those noted by Azul’s CEO regarding Brazil’s aviation market, suggest that competitive dynamics and regulatory challenges will influence how different markets respond to the global upswing. Despite the encouraging momentum, the sector continues to face structural pressures. Stone cautioned that sustaining this level of demand will depend on the industry’s ability to navigate an increasingly unpredictable operating environment. She emphasized the need for greater resilience against future shocks, noting that recent weeks have highlighted the volatility of the global business landscape. As order volumes rise and backlogs extend further into the future, the aerospace industry’s capacity to stabilize supply chains and scale production will be critical in determining whether this growth trajectory can be maintained.

Aviation Workers Stage Nationwide Protests Amid Contract Negotiations and Safety Concerns Airports across Australia are preparing for widespread protests today as aviation workers, led by the Transport Workers’ Union (TWU), demonstrate against ground handling company Swissport. The protests arise amid ongoing contract negotiations involving ground handling, cabin crew, pilots, security, and catering staff. These talks carry significant weight for the industry, with potential consequences including flight delays, increased operational costs, and intensified regulatory scrutiny. Safety Breaches and Industry Challenges Swissport, which has absorbed much of the ground handling work outsourced by Qantas in recent years, has faced intense criticism following a series of safety inspections conducted this month. These inspections uncovered numerous violations, including damaged ground equipment, unsafe staffing levels, heat-related injuries, and psychosocial hazards linked to intrusive worker surveillance. Additionally, Swissport reportedly denied access for legally mandated safety inspections at Perth Airport, further raising concerns. These recent findings add to a troubling record of incidents within the company and the broader sector. Notable cases include a 21-year-old Swissport worker who nearly lost his leg at Brisbane Airport, the death of a Qantas Freight worker last year after being crushed by machinery, and reports of electrocution incidents. Some Swissport locations have recorded up to 400 safety reports monthly. Public safety breaches have also been reported, such as firearms left unattended on baggage carousels and cargo doors on planes left open. Workers are calling on airlines and airports to invest in fair employment standards and restore quality jobs to a sector that has experienced a decade of declining pay and deteriorating conditions, particularly under the leadership of former Qantas CEO Alan Joyce. Industry Response and Broader Implications TWU National Secretary Michael Kaine emphasized the gravity of the situation, stating, “Aviation workers at Swissport and across the industry are now risking life and limb just by doing their job. Enabled by its clients like Qantas, Swissport employs workers under rock-bottom pay and conditions, and safety blitzes have recently revealed issues ranging from damaged ground equipment to critically unsafe under-staffing. Swissport is just the tip of the iceberg. Across aviation, workers are under immense and deadly pressure, generating huge profits for airlines and airports while their standards go backwards.” The protests coincide with mounting challenges in the global aviation sector. In the United States, ongoing shortages of Transportation Security Administration (TSA) workers threaten to worsen travel disruptions, potentially leading to small airport shutdowns and extended queues if labor unrest spreads. Market analysts warn that continued industrial action could drive up ticket prices as airlines attempt to offset losses from strikes and operational delays. Meanwhile, competitors may capitalize on disruptions by expanding services in unaffected regions, potentially shifting market share. Recent data also highlights the underdevelopment of Brazil’s aviation market, where airlines such as Azul are positioned for significant growth by serving more cities than their closest rivals. The evolving labor landscape in Australia and internationally underscores the urgent need for airlines and airports to address worker concerns and invest in safety and fair employment standards. Aviation workers have indicated their readiness to undertake protected industrial action if their demands remain unmet, raising the stakes for airlines and passengers alike as contract negotiations continue.

ACIA Aero Leasing Secures Financing Agreement with Volofin ACIA Aero Leasing, a specialist in regional aircraft leasing, has finalized a financing transaction with volofin Capital Management, a firm focused on finance and alternative asset management. The agreement involves the refinancing of two ATR 72-600 aircraft currently leased to Emerald Airlines. In addition to the refinancing, the deal includes an accordion facility intended to fund an additional aircraft. ACIA has already utilized a portion of this facility to facilitate the closing of a sale and leaseback arrangement involving two ATR 72-600s operated by EWA Air. Strategic Partnership and Future Prospects Bradley Gordon, Senior Vice President of Corporate Finance and Risk at ACIA, expressed enthusiasm about the new partnership with volofin. He highlighted the flexibility of the financing structure, which was tailored to meet ACIA’s specific needs. Gordon also emphasized the efficiency with which both transactions were completed, attributing this success to the professionalism and dedication of the volofin team. He noted that adding volofin to ACIA’s pool of lenders represents a significant step toward diversifying and strengthening the company’s financing base, and he anticipates a long and productive collaboration. Robert Jack, Co-CEO and Co-Founder of volofin, also commented on the partnership, praising ACIA’s strong position in the turboprop leasing market. He expressed optimism about supporting ACIA’s ongoing growth and exploring further opportunities for collaboration in the future.

Scoot Launches Daily Singapore-Haneda Flights, Redefining Asia’s Aviation Landscape Scoot has inaugurated a new daily service connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Tokyo Haneda Airport, a development that signals a significant transformation in the Asia-Pacific aviation sector. Commencing operations on March 1, 2026, the route is served by the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner, a widebody aircraft seldom utilized extensively by low-cost carriers. This strategic deployment places Scoot at the heart of one of Asia’s most prestigious and heavily trafficked air corridors, enhancing Singapore’s status as a global transit hub while providing improved access to central Tokyo. Strategic Importance of Tokyo Haneda Unlike Tokyo Narita Airport, which Scoot already serves, Haneda is located much closer to downtown Tokyo, offering considerably shorter travel times for passengers. This proximity makes Haneda a preferred choice for both business and leisure travelers seeking convenience and efficiency. Traditionally, Narita has been associated with budget travel, whereas Haneda is regarded as a premium gateway. By entering Haneda, Scoot is effectively elevating its service proposition, targeting a wider and more diverse customer base. This move reflects evolving passenger expectations, with travelers increasingly prioritizing airports that offer faster access to city centers. Scoot’s decision to operate from Haneda positions the airline competitively against full-service carriers, challenging the conventional market segmentation between budget and premium services. The Significance of the Singapore–Tokyo Corridor The Singapore–Tokyo route ranks among the busiest in Asia, linking two major economic and tourism centers. Passenger demand on this corridor remains robust, driven by a mix of business travel, tourism, and transit traffic. Singapore serves as a critical gateway to Southeast Asia, while Tokyo connects to Japan’s extensive domestic network. The route is characterized by intense competition, with airlines vying on frequency and service quality. Scoot’s entry introduces a compelling low-cost alternative into a market traditionally dominated by premium carriers, thereby intensifying competition and offering travelers more choice. The Role of the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner Central to Scoot’s strategy on this route is the use of the Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner. This aircraft is prized for its fuel efficiency and suitability for medium to long-haul flights, enabling the airline to operate with lower costs per seat compared to narrowbody aircraft. This cost advantage allows Scoot to offer competitive fares while maintaining profitability in a price-sensitive market. Additionally, the Dreamliner enhances the passenger experience through its wider cabin and improved comfort, which are critical factors on flights lasting six to seven hours. The deployment of a widebody aircraft thus provides Scoot with a distinctive edge, combining affordability with capacity and operational efficiency. Integration into Scoot’s Network Expansion The new Singapore–Haneda route aligns with Scoot’s broader expansion strategy across the Asia-Pacific region, which includes adding services to both established leisure destinations and emerging markets. By incorporating Haneda into its network, Scoot strengthens its connectivity and reinforces its position as a key player in the evolving low-cost carrier segment. This development underscores the airline’s commitment to meeting changing traveler demands and reshaping the competitive dynamics of the region’s aviation industry.