KLM and Pilot Union VNV Reach Agreement

NASA Advances Air Mobility with Wind Tunnel Testing of Tiltwing Aircraft Wing NASA engineers are advancing the field of advanced air mobility (AAM) through rigorous wind tunnel testing of a 7-foot model wing at the agency’s Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. Conducted during May and June 2025 in the 14-by-22-Foot Subsonic Wind Tunnel, these tests form part of NASA’s broader initiative to accelerate the development of next-generation aircraft, including air taxis and autonomous cargo drones. Tiltwing Design and Testing Objectives The wing model under examination features a “tiltwing” design, capable of rotating its wing and rotors from vertical to horizontal positions. This configuration allows for vertical takeoff, hovering, and conventional forward flight, making it a versatile platform for various operational environments. The tiltwing concept has garnered significant interest from multiple companies seeking to develop aircraft that can operate efficiently across diverse settings. NASA’s research aims to support not only tiltwing developers but also the wider AAM industry by providing critical performance data. Brandon Litherland, principal investigator for the test, emphasized NASA’s commitment to the emerging AAM sector. He noted that improvements in predictive tools derived from these tests will enhance the ability to accurately assess new aircraft designs, thereby facilitating the adoption of promising technologies. “Gaining confidence through testing ensures we can identify safe operating conditions for these new aircraft,” Litherland stated. During the experiments, researchers concentrated on the aerodynamic interactions between multiple propellers and the wing across a range of speeds and flight conditions. The use of a “semispan” or half-wing model enabled detailed analysis of propeller-wing dynamics. The comprehensive data collected will be made publicly available to support industry-wide advancements in aircraft design and safety evaluation. Program Context and Industry Implications This testing effort is managed by the Revolutionary Vertical Lift Technology project within NASA’s Advanced Air Vehicles Program, which underpins the agency’s Advanced Air Mobility mission. The mission’s objective is to generate essential data that will guide the development of electric air taxis and cargo drones. Norm Schaeffler, test director at Langley, highlighted the significance of the tiltwing test in providing a unique database for validating next-generation design tools. He explained that validated tools applicable to a broad range of aircraft will accelerate design cycles and enable more informed decision-making regarding new concepts. Despite these advancements, the AAM sector continues to face challenges. Ensuring the safety of novel aircraft through rigorous crashworthiness testing remains a priority. Additionally, integrating 5G networks to support urban air mobility systems presents technical challenges, particularly in mitigating interference from propeller operations. Regulatory bodies are actively addressing certification concerns related to these innovative aircraft designs. Market responses to NASA’s research have included heightened interest in hybrid electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) technologies. Industry competitors are developing their own safety and communication solutions to maintain competitiveness as the sector moves closer to commercial deployment. NASA’s ongoing research and commitment to public data sharing are poised to play a crucial role in shaping the future of advanced air mobility, fostering safer, more efficient, and innovative aircraft for urban and regional transportation.

United Airlines Resumes Operations Following Nationwide Software Disruption United Airlines restored its flight operations late Wednesday after a significant software outage temporarily grounded numerous flights and caused widespread travel disruptions across the United States. The incident affected over 1,000 flights and led to extensive delays at key hubs including Chicago O’Hare, Denver, and Houston. Details of the Outage and Its Impact The disruption began at 5:12 p.m. Central Time on August 6, 2025, originating from a failure in United’s Unimatic system. This critical platform is responsible for distributing flight information to various operational systems, including those managing aircraft weight and balance calculations and tracking flight times. The failure halted departing flights for several hours, triggering a cascade of delays and cancellations throughout United’s network. By Wednesday evening, United confirmed that the technical issue had been resolved. In an official statement, the airline acknowledged that while residual delays were expected, efforts were underway to restore normal operations. United also clarified that the outage was unrelated to recent cybersecurity incidents affecting the airline industry. Flight tracking data from FlightAware indicated that 1,093 United flights—approximately 35% of its schedule—were delayed on Wednesday, with an additional 218 flights, or 7%, canceled. Delays continued into Thursday, with 5% of flights delayed and 4% canceled. At major airports such as Chicago O’Hare, Houston, and Newark, aircraft were observed waiting on taxiways either for departure clearance or available gates to disembark passengers. Passenger Experience and Operational Response Passengers endured prolonged waits on the tarmac, during which flight attendants distributed snacks and water to alleviate discomfort. At Washington Dulles International Airport, a United flight bound for Mexico City returned to the gate after nearly three hours on the tarmac, allowing passengers to disembark and stretch their legs in the terminal while awaiting further updates. The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) confirmed that ground stops were temporarily implemented for United flights at several major airports, including Denver, Houston, Newark, San Francisco, and Chicago. Importantly, the FAA emphasized that there was no risk to aircraft already in flight during the outage. In response to the disruption, United announced it would waive change fees for affected travelers with bookings between August 7 and August 10. This policy applies to flights involving 14 cities, including Washington, Houston, London, and Frankfurt. Industry Context and Outlook This incident follows closely on the heels of a similar technology failure experienced by Alaska Air Group two weeks prior, which temporarily grounded its entire fleet. The recent disruption at United has heightened concerns within the industry regarding airline reliability and customer satisfaction. Competitors are reportedly monitoring the situation closely, potentially seeking strategic or public relations opportunities. As the world’s largest airline by capacity, United is now focused on stabilizing its operations and minimizing further disruptions to its customers.

ELFC Signs Agreement to Acquire 50 LEAP Engines from CFM Engine Lease Finance Corporation (ELFC), headquartered in Shannon, Ireland, has formalized a significant purchase agreement with CFM International to acquire 50 LEAP spare engines. Announced on August 7, 2025, the deal encompasses both LEAP-1A and LEAP-1B models and represents the largest single transaction in ELFC’s history. This acquisition further solidifies the enduring partnership between ELFC and CFM, which has been in place since 1992. Expanding ELFC’s Engine Portfolio Currently managing a fleet exceeding 200 CFM56 and LEAP engines, ELFC’s addition of these advanced LEAP engines will considerably enhance its portfolio. The LEAP engines are recognized for their cutting-edge technology and environmental efficiency, delivering a 15% improvement in fuel consumption compared to earlier CFM56 models. This acquisition aligns with ELFC’s strategic commitment to promoting sustainable aviation by offering customers access to newer, more efficient engines that contribute to reduced emissions and lower operational costs. Market Dynamics and Industry Challenges The agreement arrives amid evolving market conditions and emerging challenges. The rapid increase in LEAP engine deliveries is exerting pressure on existing maintenance, repair, and operations (MRO) networks, with industry experts highlighting the urgent need to expand servicing capabilities to accommodate the growing LEAP fleet. Furthermore, heightened demand for LEAP engines from competitors, including GE Aerospace, is intensifying competition within the market. Recent regulatory developments, such as the removal of export restrictions on GE Aerospace and CFM engines to China, are anticipated to influence global supply and demand dynamics, potentially increasing the worldwide availability of LEAP engines. Strategic Significance and Industry Impact Despite these complexities, ELFC regards the transaction as a pivotal advancement. Richard Hough, ELFC’s President and CEO, described the agreement as “a milestone for ELFC,” underscoring the company’s objective to “provide competitive spare engine support to customers worldwide.” Hough emphasized the deal’s role in enhancing ELFC’s capacity to meet global demand with the latest engine technology. Gaël Méheust, President and CEO of CFM International, highlighted that the agreement will improve fleet planning flexibility for LEAP engine operators and boost asset availability. As the aviation sector continues to evolve, ELFC’s investment reaffirms its position as a forward-looking leader in the spare engine leasing market, committed to delivering modern, high-performance solutions amid shifting market conditions.

Rajiv Bansal Joins Sarla Aviation as Strategic Advisor Rajiv Bansal, the former Civil Aviation Secretary and ex-Managing Director of Air India, has been appointed as a strategic advisor to Sarla Aviation, a Bengaluru-based air-taxi startup. Bringing over thirty years of experience in aviation policy and operations, Bansal is anticipated to play a crucial role in shaping the company’s regulatory strategy, certification processes, and stakeholder engagement as it prepares for its next phase of expansion. Steering Sarla Aviation’s Growth and Innovation Founded in 2023 and named after Sarla Thukral, India’s first woman pilot, Sarla Aviation is dedicated to advancing urban air mobility solutions and next-generation aircraft systems. The company recently showcased its six-seater electric air taxi prototype, Shunya, at the Bharat Mobility Expo 2025 in Delhi. Earlier this year, Sarla secured more than USD 12 million in funding from prominent investors including Accel, Nikhil Kamath, Sriharsha Majety, and Binny Bansal. Bansal’s appointment marks a significant milestone as Sarla transitions from engineering development to real-world deployment and flight testing. His leadership is expected to enhance the company’s regulatory engagement, ensuring alignment with aviation authorities and fostering collaboration with key stakeholders such as airports and city administrations. “India is at a pivotal point in aviation, with the talent, ambition, and urgency to build sovereign aerospace capabilities,” Bansal remarked. “Sarla’s bold, full-stack approach—designing, engineering, and building next-generation aircraft entirely in India—represents both national strength and technological leadership. I’m proud to support a team that’s thinking long-term, building fearlessly, and setting a new benchmark for Indian innovation.” Challenges and Industry Implications Despite the optimism surrounding Bansal’s new role, the challenges ahead are considerable. Navigating the complexities of the aviation sector, addressing operational inefficiencies, and ensuring that strategic initiatives align with Sarla Aviation’s long-term objectives will be critical. The company aims to introduce flying taxis in major Indian cities such as Bengaluru, Mumbai, Delhi, and Pune, contributing to the nation’s Viksit Bharat 2047 vision. Achieving these ambitions will require meticulous coordination across regulatory, technical, and operational domains. Market response to Bansal’s appointment has been largely positive, with increased investor confidence and speculation about potential operational improvements. Industry analysts suggest that competitors may intensify their efforts to maintain market share, possibly through new partnerships or innovation-driven initiatives. Adrian Schmidt, Co-founder and CEO of Sarla Aviation, emphasized the significance of Bansal’s addition to the team, stating, “It’s an incredibly important step for Sarla to welcome Mr. Rajiv Bansal to our team and our mission. His experience will be instrumental in helping us mature our processes and strengthen our approach as we build India’s first privately held full-stack aviation OEM.” As Sarla Aviation advances its vision of safe, clean, and accessible air mobility across India, Bansal’s expertise is expected to be a vital asset in navigating the evolving urban aviation landscape and establishing new industry standards.

JetBlue Sells 12 Embraer E190s Ahead of Fleet Retirement JetBlue Airways has finalized the sale of 12 Embraer E190-100 aircraft along with 12 CF34-10E6 engines to Werner Aero, a specialist in the aviation aftermarket. This transaction aligns with JetBlue’s ongoing plan to retire its E190 fleet. Werner Aero confirmed on August 5, 2025, that the aircraft and engines will be delivered to Ascent Aviation’s maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) facility in Marana, Arizona, between June 2025 and February 2026. Strategic Acquisition for Werner Aero Werner Aero views this acquisition as a strategic move to bolster its position in the high-demand E-Jet aftermarket segment. Tony Kondo, CEO of Werner Aero, emphasized the company’s commitment to supporting the E-Jet platform, stating that the addition of these twelve aircraft will enhance customer access to quality assets. This, in turn, is expected to improve fleet reliability and help reduce operational costs for operators relying on these jets. Context and Implications for JetBlue and the Industry JetBlue’s decision to divest its E190s comes at a critical juncture for the U.S. aviation sector, which is showing signs of recovery following a period of downturn. Reports from The Wall Street Journal and Reuters highlight improving demand and a rebounding travel market. Nevertheless, the sale introduces certain challenges. Aviation Week Network has noted that tariffs imposed on Embraer could influence the aftermarket value and operational expenses related to these aircraft. Furthermore, competitors may adjust their fleet strategies in response to JetBlue’s transition, potentially intensifying competition within the sector. According to ch-aviation data, JetBlue currently operates nine Embraer E190-100s, with an additional 26 aircraft listed as inactive. The airline was the launch customer for the E190-100 model in 2005, initially ordering 101 aircraft with options for 100 more. The first 100-seat E190-100 entered service on November 8, 2005, operating between Boston Logan International Airport and New York John F. Kennedy International Airport. To celebrate the launch, JetBlue famously offered free BOS-JFK flights to 190 people dressed in blue in Manhattan. JetBlue plans to retire its remaining E190-100s by September 4, 2025, marking the conclusion of a significant chapter in the airline’s history. The market’s response to this fleet transition will likely be shaped by broader economic trends and the evolving competitive dynamics within the aviation industry.

Chinese Manufacturer Unveils All-Electric Flying Car Planned for Mass Production A New Era in Urban Mobility China’s GAC Group has unveiled the Govy AirCab, its first all-electric flying car designed for mass production, marking a significant advancement in the development of urban air transportation. This two-seater electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) vehicle is engineered for short-range urban flights, offering a range of nearly 19 miles per charge alongside ultra-fast charging capabilities. Currently undergoing trial flights, GAC aims to commence mass production and begin customer deliveries by 2026. The AirCab targets what GAC describes as the “low-altitude economy,” a sector that includes air taxis and small private aircraft. This market is projected by Morgan Stanley to reach a staggering $9 trillion globally by 2050. Priced at approximately 1.69 million yuan (around $233,000), the AirCab incorporates advanced features such as 5G connectivity, voice-activated assistants, cloud-based smart controls, and customizable cabin environments that adjust temperature, music, and even scent to passenger preferences. Technological Innovation and Safety Features The AirCab is equipped with Level 4 ground autonomy, enabling it to operate independently under certain conditions while detecting obstacles from distances exceeding 984 feet. Safety considerations are paramount; in emergency situations, the passenger cabin can detach from the main body of the vehicle. Constructed almost entirely from carbon fiber, the AirCab is notably lightweight, and its high-density cylindrical batteries facilitate rapid charging. These technological attributes aim to make short urban flights as convenient and routine as a typical lunch break. Challenges and Competitive Landscape Despite its promising technology, GAC faces considerable challenges. Regulatory approval for flying vehicles remains a complex and evolving issue worldwide, with airspace integration and safety standards still under development. The company also confronts intense competition from global players such as Virgin Atlantic, Joby Aviation, and Beta Technologies, all of which are advancing their own eVTOL projects. Within China, domestic automakers including XPeng and EHang are similarly racing to develop comparable vehicles, heightening the technological rivalry. Market acceptance presents another significant hurdle. While Chinese electric vehicles have made inroads in Europe—capturing, for instance, a 10% market share in Norway—the adoption of flying cars by consumers remains uncertain. In the United States, established automakers have responded cautiously, often employing trade protections to counter the expanding influence of Chinese firms in the electric and autonomous mobility sectors. Environmental and Future Implications If widely adopted, electric flying cars like the AirCab could contribute to reducing emissions associated with traditional gas-powered transportation, offering a more environmentally sustainable and efficient alternative for urban travel. The AirCab thus provides a glimpse into a future where innovative and sustainable transport solutions may fundamentally transform urban mobility. As the race to dominate the skies intensifies, GAC’s entry signals the growing momentum behind the development of electric flying vehicles.

ANA Introduces AI Technology to Predict Turbulence with 86% Accuracy Advancing Flight Safety through Artificial Intelligence All Nippon Airways (ANA) has implemented a pioneering artificial intelligence (AI) system designed to predict turbulence with an accuracy rate of 86 percent, marking a significant advancement in aviation safety and passenger comfort. Developed in collaboration with BlueWX, a company born from a partnership with Keio University, the system utilizes deep learning algorithms trained on a decade of turbulence data. This initiative positions ANA as the first airline to deploy BlueWX’s technology fleet-wide following successful trials involving 2,500 pilots. The project, which began in 2019 and culminated in the establishment of BlueWX in 2023, addresses a longstanding challenge in the airline industry. Hiroyuki Kometani, ANA’s Executive Vice President of Operation Division, emphasized the importance of this development, stating that the integration of AI and deep learning techniques will provide a more reliable and comfortable travel experience for passengers. The AI model demonstrated superior performance compared to traditional turbulence forecasting methods during extensive testing phases that started in 2021, with pilots reporting enhanced reliability and real-world effectiveness. Addressing a Growing Safety Concern Turbulence remains a critical safety and operational issue for airlines globally. According to the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB), turbulence is responsible for 30 to 50 percent of aviation incidents, with recent years witnessing serious injuries and fatalities, including the death of a British passenger in 2024. Beyond the immediate safety risks, turbulence contributes to significant economic losses through cargo damage, equipment repairs, and delays caused by unscheduled inspections. Kaz Watanabe, CEO of BlueWX, highlighted the increasing severity of turbulence, partly attributed to climate change, and underscored the urgency of deploying advanced predictive technologies. While ANA’s AI system represents a major technological breakthrough, the airline acknowledges ongoing challenges in maintaining the model’s accuracy and reliability across diverse flight conditions and altitudes. Ensuring consistent performance in varying weather scenarios will be essential as the system is integrated more broadly. Industry Impact and Future Prospects The introduction of this AI-powered turbulence prediction system has been met with positive market reactions, with expectations that it will enhance passenger confidence and potentially increase demand for ANA’s services. Industry analysts anticipate that other airlines may accelerate the development and adoption of similar AI technologies to improve their turbulence forecasting capabilities, aiming to match ANA’s gains in operational efficiency and customer satisfaction. Looking forward, BlueWX intends to expand its AI-driven weather forecasting solutions to additional airlines, seeking to elevate safety standards and operational effectiveness throughout the aviation sector. This development signals a broader shift towards leveraging artificial intelligence to address complex challenges in air travel.

Daher Aircraft Establishes Permanent Base in Brazil Amid Growing Demand Daher Aircraft has officially opened a permanent office in São Paulo, marking a strategic expansion of its operations within Brazil. This development responds to increasing demand for the company’s TBM and Kodiak turboprop aircraft, which have gained traction among Brazilian operators due to their notable performance and versatility. Strategic Expansion and Local Presence The new São Paulo office will function as Daher’s central hub in Brazil, managing customer relations, aftersales support, and business development activities for both the TBM and Kodiak aircraft lines. By establishing a local base, Daher aims to strengthen its proximity to clients and provide more responsive, tailored services to current and prospective aircraft owners throughout the country. Nicolas Chabbert, CEO of Daher’s Aircraft division, emphasized the alignment of the company’s offerings with Brazil’s aviation needs. He noted, “With a thriving general aviation community and increasing demand for both high-performance and utility aircraft, our TBM and Kodiak are perfectly aligned with the operational needs across Brazil. Establishing a local presence will enable us to support our customers more directly, and it signals our intent to grow with Brazil’s aviation future.” Market Position and Challenges Daher’s expansion into Brazil represents a significant milestone, positioning the company to deepen its market penetration and contribute meaningfully to the development of general aviation in the region. The TBM is widely recognized for its speed, fuel efficiency, and high-performance capabilities, while the Kodiak is valued for its ruggedness and adaptability in challenging environments. These attributes suit Brazil’s diverse geography and operational demands, ranging from business travel to remote logistical support. Nonetheless, Daher faces several challenges in establishing its permanent base. Navigating Brazil’s complex regulatory framework and logistical environment will require meticulous planning and local expertise. The company must also build a robust support infrastructure to meet the expectations of Brazilian customers. Furthermore, Daher enters a competitive market dominated by established manufacturers such as Bombardier and Textron Aviation, which may respond with enhanced service offerings or targeted marketing efforts to protect their market share. Market analysts suggest that Daher’s local presence could stimulate greater interest among Brazilian business aviation customers, potentially altering the competitive dynamics. By bringing its expertise and support closer to operators, Daher is positioning itself for sustained engagement in this rapidly growing market. The São Paulo office underscores Daher’s commitment to delivering efficient and customized services to Brazilian aviation operators, reflecting the company’s ambition to play an increasingly prominent role in the country’s dynamic general aviation sector.

Werner Aero Expands E-Jet Fleet with 12-Aircraft Purchase Strategic Acquisition Strengthens Market Position Werner Aero has announced a significant expansion of its Embraer E-Jet fleet through the acquisition of 12 Embraer E190-100 airframes along with twelve CF34-10E6 engines from JetBlue Airways. Scheduled for delivery between June 2025 and February 2026 at Ascent Aviation’s facility in Pinal Airpark, Marana, Arizona, this transaction marks a pivotal enhancement of Werner Aero’s capabilities within the competitive global aviation aftermarket, particularly in the high-demand E-Jet segment. Tony Kondo, CEO of Werner Aero, emphasized the strategic importance of the acquisition, stating that it reflects the company’s ongoing commitment to supporting the E-Jet platform. He highlighted that the addition of these aircraft will enable Werner Aero to provide customers with greater access to quality assets, thereby improving fleet reliability and reducing operational costs. Enhancing Service Portfolio Amidst Industry Competition The integration of these new aircraft and engines is expected to bolster Werner Aero’s portfolio of dependable, high-quality aviation assets, allowing the company to better serve airlines operating E-Jets. Werner Aero has established itself as a leader in aviation asset management and logistical support, with a robust global presence and a reputation for excellence in customer service. The company specializes in tailored transportation solutions for commercial aircraft across platforms including the A320, B737NG, E-Jet, and CRJ families. Its adherence to rigorous industry standards is demonstrated by its ISO 9001 certification and FAA AC0056B approval. Nonetheless, the incorporation of the new E-Jets into Werner Aero’s existing operations presents challenges. The company must ensure full compliance with aviation regulations and effectively manage the operational costs associated with the expanded fleet. Successfully navigating these complexities will be essential to maintaining Werner Aero’s standing for reliability and operational efficiency. The market for E-Jet support is becoming increasingly competitive, with rivals such as Elevate Jet and KlasJet actively expanding their fleets and service offerings. KlasJet has recently entered the Asian market, while Elevate Jet has secured certification to operate VIP airliners. These developments suggest that Werner Aero’s acquisition may trigger intensified competition as other players seek to scale their operations in response. Aligning Growth Strategy with Market Demand Despite the competitive landscape and integration challenges, Werner Aero’s acquisition aligns closely with its broader growth strategy. By expanding both its inventory and service capabilities, the company aims to meet the evolving demands of airline customers worldwide. As the need for E-Jet support continues to grow, Werner Aero is positioning itself as a critical partner in enhancing operational efficiency and cost-effectiveness across the aviation sector.

THAI Signs Memorandum of Understanding with Global Maintenance Service Provider Thai Airways International Public Company Limited (THAI) has formalized a strategic partnership with AAR Component Services (Thailand) Limited (AAR) through a memorandum of understanding (MOU) aimed at enhancing airframe-related component (ARC) and equipment maintenance operations. Announced by Mr. Cherdphan Chotikun, Chief Technical Officer of THAI, the agreement establishes a framework for resource sharing and collaboration to bolster maintenance capabilities for both companies. Strategic Collaboration to Enhance Maintenance Operations The MOU outlines plans for the joint development of ARC facilities to service THAI’s fleet as well as external customers. AAR, a prominent U.S.-based maintenance service provider, brings extensive expertise in maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO), ARC repair, component logistics, and fleet support. Its operations hold certifications from key regulatory authorities, including the Federal Aviation Administration, the European Union Aviation Safety Agency, and the Civil Aviation Authority of Thailand. This partnership allows both THAI and AAR to leverage each other’s repair facilities, particularly during periods of operational constraints, thereby minimizing disruptions and improving efficiency in servicing critical components such as integrated drive generators, power drive units, heat exchangers, auxiliary power units, and line replacement units. The collaboration aligns with THAI’s broader technical strategy to expand its capabilities in airport operations, equipment, and component services. Challenges and Market Implications Despite the promising outlook, the partnership faces several challenges. Securing regulatory approvals will be essential to ensure compliance with both international and local aviation standards. Integrating AAR’s operations with THAI’s existing maintenance processes will require careful coordination to maintain seamless service delivery. Additionally, managing the financial implications of increased operational expenses may pose concerns for investors, especially amid intensified competition from other maintenance providers in the region. Market analysts anticipate that competitors may respond by enhancing their own service offerings or forming new alliances to safeguard market share. This evolving environment could drive further consolidation and innovation within Thailand’s MRO sector. THAI’s Broader Maintenance Infrastructure Expansion The MOU forms part of THAI’s comprehensive plan to strengthen its maintenance infrastructure. Mr. Chai Eamsiri, Chief Executive Officer of THAI, has previously expressed the company’s intent to attract MRO-related entrepreneurs—including ARC manufacturers, distributors, and aircraft cleaners—for potential joint ventures. The Eastern Economic Corridor Office of Thailand (EECO) has requested THAI to submit a detailed proposal by September, with construction of new facilities slated to begin in 2027 and an estimated investment of THB 10 billion. The planned MRO project will span approximately 210 rai, with Bangkok Airways Public Company Limited managing 30 rai and THAI overseeing the remainder, reflecting the size of its fleet. Importantly, the cooperation between THAI and Bangkok Airways is structured as an allocation of operational areas rather than a joint venture, allowing each airline to independently invest, set policies, and manage revenue. This approach is intended to enhance operational agility. THAI’s expansion of its MRO capabilities is designed to support a projected fleet growth to 150 aircraft by 2033, while also extending maintenance services to third-party customers. The collaboration with AAR is expected to significantly contribute to advancing Thailand’s aviation industry standards and reinforcing the country’s position as a regional MRO hub.