The Challenges of AI Pricing in Aviation

Embraer and PGZ Forge Five New Defense Memorandums of Understanding Embraer has taken a decisive step to strengthen its strategic presence in Poland by signing five memorandums of understanding (MoUs) with Polska Grupa Zbrojeniowa S.A. (PGZ), the country’s foremost state-owned defense conglomerate, along with its subsidiaries WZL-1, WZL-2, WSK “PZL-Kalisz,” and WBCKT. These agreements establish a foundation for extensive, long-term collaboration across the aerospace and defense sectors, underscoring Embraer’s commitment to expanding its industrial footprint in Poland and fostering the creation of highly skilled employment opportunities. Scope of Collaboration and Industrial Partnerships The newly signed MoUs set the stage for Embraer and PGZ to jointly explore a broad spectrum of industrial partnership opportunities in the near future. The areas under consideration encompass operational support, maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) services, component manufacturing, supply chain solutions, as well as the design, development, production, industrialization, engineering, and testing of aerospace systems. The collaboration may also extend into C4ISR (Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance) activities, reflecting the comprehensive nature of the partnership. Two of the agreements specifically enhance Embraer’s cooperation with WZL-1 and WZL-2, both pivotal entities within Poland’s aerospace industry. The partnership with WZL-1 will concentrate on metallic and composite component manufacturing, technology transfer, certification and quality assurance, and the integration of emerging aerospace technologies—critical factors for bolstering Poland’s industrial capabilities. Meanwhile, the MoU with WZL-2 focuses on potential MRO collaboration for the KC-390 Millennium transport aircraft and other platforms, including paint services. Embraer is also broadening its engagement with WSK “PZL-Kalisz” and WBCKT. The agreement with WSK “PZL-Kalisz” envisions future cooperation in component manufacturing, mechanical and heat-treatment processes, as well as training and consulting services. The MoU with WBCKT aims to explore opportunities for the joint development of ground support equipment specifically designed for the KC-390 Millennium multi-mission transport aircraft. Challenges and Strategic Context Despite the promising outlook, several challenges remain. Industry analysts, including those at Janes, have highlighted that the technical specifications for the Barracuda-500M cruise missile—potentially relevant to certain aspects of the collaboration—are yet to be finalized, which could influence the scope and timeline of joint projects. Additionally, Embraer’s recent strategic decisions on the global stage may affect market dynamics and competitive positioning. Notably, the company’s withdrawal of its Saudi C-390 final assembly and completion offer in favor of a partnership with the United Arab Emirates, as reported by Aviation Week, signals shifting regional priorities that may impact future alliances and market access. Furthermore, Embraer’s cancellation of its next-generation turboprop concept indicates a strategic refocusing of its commercial aviation portfolio, which could have repercussions for its positioning and partnerships across both defense and civil sectors. Nonetheless, these five new MoUs mark a significant advancement in Embraer’s integration into Poland’s defense and aerospace ecosystem. The agreements lay the groundwork for expanded industrial capacity, enhanced technological cooperation, and a durable strategic partnership between Embraer and PGZ, positioning both entities to address evolving market demands and security challenges in the region.

AI Unlikely to Replace Human Pilots in the Near Future, Says El Al Executive The replacement of human pilots by artificial intelligence remains a distant prospect, according to Chen Amram, Director of Infrastructure and Computing at El Al. Speaking at the Mind the Tech Berlin conference, organized by Calcalist and Bank Leumi, Amram underscored the stringent regulatory environment governing aviation and the considerable challenges that must be addressed before AI could assume such a critical role. “It’s not like AI will replace pilots tomorrow. I don’t see that happening anytime soon,” he remarked in an interview with Calcalist. Regulatory and Operational Challenges Amram emphasized the complexity involved in integrating AI into existing aviation systems. Any transition would necessitate extensive training and adaptation for human pilots, alongside navigating a complex web of regulatory approvals. “The world of aviation is governed by strict rules and restrictions,” he noted, highlighting the industry’s cautious stance toward technological change. Market responses to the concept of AI-driven cockpits have been mixed. While some investors maintain cautious optimism about the long-term potential, many remain skeptical about the timeline for such advancements. Competitors in the sector are investing in AI training programs aimed at augmenting, rather than replacing, human pilot capabilities. Industry leaders have recently cautioned against overinvestment in AI, stressing the need for balanced adoption to preserve safety and operational efficiency. AI Applications at El Al El Al is currently leveraging AI primarily to optimize operations rather than to replace pilots. Amram explained that the airline uses AI to predict passenger no-shows, optimize fuel consumption, and anticipate maintenance requirements for aircraft components. The airline even monitors water usage in onboard bathrooms to reduce unnecessary weight and improve efficiency. Technological enhancements at El Al also extend to the passenger experience. Operating the advanced 787 Dreamliner, the airline plans to enable passengers to connect Bluetooth headphones to the in-flight multimedia system. “You’ll be able to share what you’re watching on Netflix, and we can recommend movies tailored to your preferences, all while maintaining privacy,” Amram said. Additionally, El Al is expanding its internet services, soon allowing passengers on eastbound flights to work online as if they were in their offices, sending emails and WhatsApp messages during the journey. Cybersecurity and Safety Measures Addressing cybersecurity concerns, Amram assured that the Dreamliner’s flight control systems remain isolated from internet connectivity. “The aircraft has nearly 1,400 programs that are securely updated and encrypted. Nothing at the flight control level is connected to the internet. Only our technical crews have access, and everything is approved and tested by Boeing,” he explained. El Al faces unique security challenges as both a national carrier and one of Israel’s largest e-commerce platforms. Amram recounted the constant threat of cyberattacks targeting the airline’s website, aimed at stealing information, exploiting costly queries, or damaging its reputation. “Just last night, I worked until one in the morning to stop such an attack,” he revealed. As the aviation industry continues to explore AI’s potential, experts concur that human pilots will remain indispensable for the foreseeable future. The current focus is on harnessing AI to enhance safety, efficiency, and the overall passenger experience, rather than replacing the individuals in the cockpit.

Nigeria to Save $200 Million Annually Through Boeing Partnership, President Tinubu Announces President Bola Tinubu has revealed that Nigeria is poised to save over $200 million each year through a strategic partnership with Boeing and the United Kingdom’s Cranfield University. This collaboration aims to establish a world-class Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) facility within Nigeria, significantly reducing the current reliance on costly overseas aircraft servicing. The announcement was made via the Secretary to the Government of the Federation, George Akume, during the inauguration of the inaugural Nigerian International Airshow. Advancing Nigeria’s Aviation Infrastructure and Capabilities Tinubu described the initiative as a transformative step for the Nigerian aviation sector, which currently experiences substantial capital flight due to foreign maintenance expenses. The partnership will see the development of state-of-the-art MRO facilities, with Aero Contractors and XEJet leading the effort by establishing new operational hubs in Lagos and Abuja. These developments are expected to position Nigeria prominently on the global aviation stage, alongside established international airshows such as those in Farnborough, Paris, and Dubai. In addition to the MRO facility, the Federal Government is progressing plans to launch an aircraft leasing company, as disclosed by the Minister of Aviation and Aerospace Development, Festus Keyamo. This entity will serve as an intermediary between Nigerian airlines, international lessors, and manufacturers, facilitating access to dry-leased aircraft. The move is designed to enhance the competitiveness of local carriers against international operators. The aviation sector in Nigeria is experiencing robust growth, with passenger traffic reaching 15.89 million in 2023 and projected to increase to 25.7 million by 2029, according to data from the Nigeria Civil Aviation Authority. Correspondingly, annual revenue is expected to rise to $2.58 billion. Significant infrastructure investments are underway, including a ₦712 billion upgrade of Lagos Murtala Muhammed Airport and modernization projects across six major airports and several runways. Regulatory improvements have also been notable, with Nigeria now ranked as the leading African country in compliance with international aviation standards. President Tinubu highlighted the expansion of Air Peace’s Lagos–London route and the return of Emirates and Uganda Airlines, facilitated by new Bilateral Air Services Agreements, as indicators of the sector’s upward trajectory. Aviation currently contributes 2.5% to Nigeria’s GDP, supported by a network of 20 airports, 23 airlines, and a skilled workforce. Challenges and Strategic Outlook Despite these promising developments, the partnership faces potential challenges. Geopolitical tensions, including recent threats of military action in Nigeria by former U.S. President Donald Trump, could introduce instability and affect international cooperation. Furthermore, competition within the MRO market is intensifying, with companies such as AAR—following its acquisition of HAECO Americas—likely to respond with competitive pricing and enhanced service offerings. Nevertheless, the continued expansion of Emirates’ Boeing fleet underscores sustained confidence in Boeing’s global aviation services. President Tinubu underscored Nigeria’s growing international presence, referencing the country’s participation in the recent Dubai Airshow where it showcased its aerospace ambitions. The administration’s long-term vision is to establish Nigeria as the aviation hub of West and Central Africa. This goal will be driven by strategic public-private partnerships, increased investment in workforce training, and the potential development of local aircraft component manufacturing, signaling a comprehensive approach to advancing the nation’s aviation industry.

Aeras Aviation Unveils Fine Art Calendar Merging Aviation and Artistry Aeras Aviation has introduced its Fine Art Calendar, a distinctive project that transcends the conventional boundaries of aviation imagery. This calendar fuses haute couture with the mechanical grandeur of flight, presenting a compelling narrative where fashion and engineering coexist. The roar of turbine engines at cruising altitude is reimagined not merely as sound but as a powerful symbol of defiance and human achievement. Through striking visuals, the calendar highlights women standing confidently beside jet engines, embodying strength and resilience equal to the machines themselves. Celebrating Women in Aviation Inspired by the legacy of Amelia Earhart, the calendar pays homage to women who have shattered barriers in the aviation industry. Each month features models paired with aircraft engines, symbolizing the leadership, courage, and determination women contribute to the field. Reflecting Aeras Aviation’s workforce—where women constitute 40 percent across diverse cultures and continents—the calendar serves as a testament to inclusivity and empowerment. Demetrios Bradshaw, CEO of Aeras Aviation, emphasizes that the project aims to celebrate the human spirit behind aviation, shifting focus from machinery to the individuals who propel the industry forward. He notes the importance of representation, particularly for young girls who might see themselves reflected as figures of power rather than mere decoration. A Bold Statement Amidst Market Competition Visually, the calendar is both bold and evocative, pairing avant-garde fashion with the raw industrial elements of jet engines. Images of determined hands touching engine cowling and models in flowing silk juxtaposed with mechanical components underscore the message that the future of aviation leadership will be as diverse as the world it serves. However, the Fine Art Calendar enters a competitive market already populated by established art publishers and traditional aviation calendars. While its innovative blend of art and advocacy may attract collectors seeking fresh perspectives, others may prefer more conventional offerings. Competitors might respond by launching similar initiatives or intensifying marketing efforts to maintain their market share. Despite these challenges, Aeras Aviation’s Fine Art Calendar stands as a manifesto, asserting that the most powerful engines are not solely forged from steel but are driven by vision, courage, and the conviction that the skies belong to all who dare to claim them.

Archer Expands U.S. Air Taxi Network with New Miami Hub Archer Aviation, a leading manufacturer of electric aircraft, has announced Miami as the third hub in its expanding U.S. air taxi network, joining Los Angeles and New York City. The company plans to connect major population and business centers across South Florida—including Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Boca Raton, and West Palm Beach—through 10- to 20-minute flights utilizing its electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. Building a Regional Network The proposed air taxi service will also facilitate rapid transit between the region’s three principal airports: Miami International (MIA), Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International (FLL), and Palm Beach International (PBI). To support these operations, Archer intends to upgrade existing heliports at Hard Rock Stadium and the Apogee golf club to accommodate electric aircraft. Additionally, the company is collaborating with at least two regional developers to establish new vertiports, further enhancing the infrastructure necessary for its eVTOL fleet. Regulatory and Competitive Challenges Despite these ambitious plans, Archer faces significant hurdles. The company must obtain Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification for its four-passenger Midnight aircraft before commencing commercial operations. Recent delays in securing certification in the United Arab Emirates have raised concerns about potential setbacks to Archer’s U.S. timeline. Competition in the emerging air taxi market is intensifying, with established players such as Joby Aviation expected to accelerate their efforts to secure regulatory approvals and strategic partnerships in response to Archer’s expansion. Market reactions have been mixed; Archer’s stock price declined notably following a $650 million share sale intended to finance the $126 million acquisition of Los Angeles’ Hawthorne Airport. This acquisition forms a critical part of Archer’s strategy to secure essential infrastructure and advance its path to revenue generation. Diversification and Future Prospects Beyond its commercial air taxi ambitions, Archer is diversifying its business portfolio. Last month, the company entered into an agreement to supply its electric flight technology to defense contractor Anduril. CEO Adam Goldstein has suggested that Archer’s defense segment could surpass its commercial air taxi operations in scale for at least the next decade. As Archer continues to develop infrastructure and navigate regulatory complexities, the competition to establish a viable air taxi network in the United States is intensifying. The company’s progress will be closely watched as it confronts both significant opportunities and formidable challenges in this nascent industry.

RECARO Plans Expansion Amid Rising Aviation Demand RECARO Aircraft Seating is concluding the year on a strong growth trajectory, anticipating that its 2024 revenue will exceed approximately €576 million. The company projects sustained double-digit growth into 2025 and beyond, fueled by the ongoing global recovery in aviation and an increasing demand for premium seating solutions. Strategic Growth and Capacity Expansion Over the past year, RECARO has undertaken significant expansion efforts, including large-scale recruitment, the development of new facilities, and enhanced collaboration with leading aircraft manufacturers. The company has added more than 200 employees worldwide, positioning itself to meet the anticipated industry ramp-up. To support this growth, RECARO has initiated its global space2grow program, designed to increase production capacity and optimize operational efficiency. A notable aspect of this expansion is the development of RECARO Aircraft Seating Polska, where a new production and office complex is scheduled for completion in the second half of 2026. In Germany, the company has increased its test-seat production capacity by 60% through the enlargement of its site. On the international front, RECARO plans to open a dedicated customer service hub in Delhi in early 2026, aimed at supporting regional operators and reinforcing its commitment to premium service quality. Investment in Technology and Market Positioning RECARO is also intensifying its focus on the business-class segment by investing in technology and enhancing the capabilities of its operations and customer service teams. These teams are undergoing rigorous preparation to manage higher output levels effectively. The company has finalized a Supplier Furnished Equipment (SFE) agreement with Embraer, announced in 2023, which is expected to streamline deliveries and underscore RECARO’s dedication to comfort, innovation, and operational excellence. Industry Challenges and Competitive Landscape Despite these positive developments, RECARO faces ongoing challenges within the aviation industry. Supply chain disruptions and volatile fuel prices continue to pose risks, while competition is intensifying, particularly from companies such as Safran. Safran is actively working to secure production in strategic locations like the United Arab Emirates, which could present a competitive threat to RECARO’s market position. Nevertheless, market indicators suggest strong demand for premium seating solutions, which may bolster RECARO’s standing. Recent customer surveys reveal increasing satisfaction and consistently positive feedback. Furthermore, three RECARO sites have successfully completed customer programs for the award-winning R3 long-range economy seat, noted for its lightweight design and enhanced passenger comfort. With its expanding facilities, strengthened product portfolio, and focus on operational excellence, RECARO appears well positioned to navigate industry challenges and sustain its impressive global growth in the coming years.

The Development of the HondaJet: From Concept to Innovation A Revolutionary Idea Takes Flight The inception of the HondaJet dates back to 1997, when Michimasa Fujino, an aeronautical engineer who would later become the founding president of Honda Aircraft Company, conceived a groundbreaking design in an unexpected moment of inspiration. Without access to paper, Fujino sketched his vision on the back cover of a calendar: a business jet featuring engines mounted atop the wings. This unconventional configuration challenged entrenched principles in aviation engineering and set the stage for a new chapter in business jet design. Traditionally, business jets have employed rear-mounted engines, a layout that facilitates shorter landing gear and easier boarding, while providing greater ground clearance—an important consideration for operations on less-than-ideal runways. The concept of mounting engines above the wings had been largely avoided due to concerns about airflow disruption, increased drag, and diminished lift. The VFW-Fokker 614 of the 1970s, which adopted a similar design, ended in commercial failure, reinforcing industry skepticism toward such configurations. Overcoming Technical and Market Challenges Despite these historical reservations, Fujino and his team at Honda recognized the potential advantages of the over-the-wing engine mount. This design promised to enhance cabin space, reduce interior noise, and improve fuel efficiency—benefits that could redefine the business jet experience. However, realizing this vision required surmounting significant technical obstacles and convincing a conservative market to embrace innovation. The HondaJet’s development unfolded amid fluctuating global economic conditions and fierce competition from established aircraft manufacturers. Market acceptance was uncertain, as buyers typically favored proven technologies over novel designs. Competitors responded with aggressive pricing strategies and rapid technological advancements, intensifying the challenge for Honda to secure its position in the market. Balancing innovation with practicality was a constant theme throughout the project. Each design decision involved careful consideration of trade-offs, from aerodynamic performance to manufacturing costs. The team’s persistence and rigorous testing ultimately culminated in the HondaJet’s successful market entry, where it garnered acclaim for its distinctive engineering and operational efficiency. A Testament to Innovation in Aerospace The HondaJet’s journey exemplifies the complexities of introducing pioneering technology within a traditionally conservative industry. Its development was influenced not only by engineering challenges but also by broader economic cycles, evolving customer preferences, and competitive dynamics. The aircraft stands as a symbol of how bold ideas, coupled with determination and strategic navigation of market forces, can drive meaningful innovation in the global aerospace sector.

Airbus Lowers 2025 Commercial Aircraft Delivery Forecast Amid Production and Supply Chain Challenges Airbus, a leading global manufacturer of commercial aircraft, has revised its delivery forecast for 2025 downward due to ongoing production delays and emerging quality concerns. This adjustment notably impacts key models such as the A320neo and A350, which are integral to airline fleet expansion plans worldwide. Production and Supply Chain Constraints The company attributes the slowdown to a combination of persistent supply chain disruptions and operational challenges. Shortages of essential components—including semiconductors, avionics, and engine parts—continue to hamper assembly lines. These global supply chain issues are expected to extend into 2025, constraining Airbus’s production capacity and delivery schedules. Compounding these difficulties are labor shortages and technical bottlenecks at Airbus’s assembly plants in France, Germany, and Spain. Delays in training and retaining skilled workers have slowed production cycles despite the company’s efforts to streamline operations while maintaining stringent safety and quality standards. Additionally, Airbus is addressing a quality issue involving fuselage panels on several dozen A320-family aircraft, with ongoing inspections likely to further affect delivery timelines. Impact on Airlines and Market Dynamics The reduction in deliveries is already influencing airlines’ fleet planning strategies. Carriers awaiting the A320neo for short-haul routes and the A350 for long-haul operations may encounter delays in capacity expansion, potentially affecting ticket pricing, route scheduling, and aircraft leasing negotiations. Financially, these delays can disrupt airlines’ cash flow and financing arrangements, prompting some to adjust procurement schedules or explore alternative leasing options. Currently, Airbus has 30 jets assembled but awaiting engines, contributing to a “backloaded” delivery schedule for the remainder of the year. To meet its year-end target of approximately 820 aircraft, the company must still deliver 235 jets—a goal that is increasingly challenging under current conditions. Strategic Response and Industry Outlook In response to these challenges, Airbus is prioritizing production of high-demand models such as the A320neo family while managing bottlenecks in other areas. The company is collaborating closely with suppliers to secure critical components and reduce lead times. Investments in automation, predictive maintenance, and digital production planning are underway to enhance assembly efficiency. Industry analysts suggest that these measures may gradually restore delivery rates by late 2025 or early 2026, contingent on broader stabilization of supply chains. Market and Competitor Reactions The delivery slowdown has introduced volatility into Airbus’s stock, with investors expressing concerns over production capacity and quality control. Despite short-term uncertainties, confidence in Airbus’s long-term prospects remains underpinned by its diverse product portfolio and extensive global presence. Meanwhile, competitors such as Boeing, which are contending with their own production challenges, may find opportunities to regain market share if Airbus fails to meet its delivery targets. This evolving situation highlights the broader pressures confronting the commercial aviation industry as manufacturers and airlines navigate ongoing supply chain and operational disruptions.

Airbus Revises 2025 Delivery Target Following Fuselage Panel Defect Airbus has announced a reduction in its commercial aircraft delivery target for 2025 after identifying a significant defect in fuselage panels affecting hundreds of its jets. This revelation has led to a sharp decline in the company’s share price and raised concerns about potential disruptions to production schedules. Defect Details and Impact on Deliveries On December 3, 2025, Airbus revised its delivery forecast from approximately 825 aircraft to 790, attributing the adjustment to a “recent supplier quality issue on fuselage panels impacting its A320 Family delivery flow.” The defect, linked to manufacturing processes at supplier Sofitec Aero, involves panels with incorrect thickness specifications. A presentation to airlines revealed that 628 aircraft require inspection, including 168 already in service and more than 240 still on assembly lines, indicating the problem is more extensive than initially understood. The defect has prompted concerns over repair timelines, with industry sources estimating that rectifying the affected aircraft could take between three to five weeks. Airbus confirmed that the issue affects both aircraft currently in production and those already delivered, underscoring the scope of the challenge. Market Reaction and Operational Challenges Following the announcement, Airbus shares fell by as much as 10%, reflecting investor apprehension about the company’s ability to meet delivery commitments and maintain market competitiveness. The decline also suggests that rival manufacturers may seek to exploit Airbus’s production delays to gain market share. This fuselage panel issue compounds an already difficult period for Airbus. Just days prior, on November 28, 2025, airlines were advised to implement urgent software updates to the A320neo’s elevator aileron computers after Airbus and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) identified a critical vulnerability. Despite these setbacks, Airbus affirmed its financial outlook based on its nine-month 2025 results. A company spokesperson reiterated the target of an adjusted EBIT of around €7.0 billion and free cash flow before customer financing of approximately €4.5 billion. Delivery Targets Under Pressure Even before the fuselage panel defect emerged, analysts expressed skepticism about Airbus’s ability to meet its original delivery target. Preliminary data indicate that by November 2025, Airbus had delivered roughly 657 aircraft, leaving over 160 deliveries required in December to reach the initial goal. This figure significantly exceeds the company’s previous December record of 138 aircraft set in 2019. As Airbus addresses the fuselage panel defect and strives to regain production momentum, the company faces intensified scrutiny from investors and competitors alike. The broader aerospace market remains attentive to further developments that could influence Airbus’s operational and financial performance.

Tunisair Maintains Montréal Service Using Wet-Lease Aircraft Tunisair has confirmed it will continue operating its crucial Tunis–Montréal route by employing wet-leased aircraft, providing reassurance to travelers amid ongoing fleet challenges. This decision comes after the grounding of two Airbus A330-200s, compelling the airline to secure ACMI (Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance, and Insurance) contracts to ensure uninterrupted long-haul service between Tunisia and Canada. Strategic Importance of the Route The Tunis–Montréal connection is one of the busiest international links for North Africa, serving both tourism and business travelers. Montréal’s multicultural environment, with its strong French and English heritage, makes it a key destination for North African passengers. Simultaneously, Tunisia’s Mediterranean attractions continue to draw Canadian tourists. The route holds particular significance for the Tunisian diaspora in Canada, as well as for Canadian visitors seeking direct access to North Africa. By opting for wet-leasing, Tunisair aims to maintain its service standards despite flights being operated by partner carriers. This strategy is increasingly prevalent among African airlines facing capacity shortfalls, as it allows them to avoid the substantial costs associated with acquiring new aircraft while preserving essential routes. The flexibility offered by ACMI leasing is especially valuable in the current industry climate, characterized by widespread delivery delays for new aircraft and sustained demand for widebody jets. Challenges and Competitive Pressures Nonetheless, reliance on wet-leased aircraft presents certain challenges. Operational disruptions may occur due to issues with the leased fleet, and the associated costs can exert financial pressure on the airline. Tunisair also faces intensified competition from carriers such as Air Transat, which is actively expanding its transatlantic services. This competitive environment may prompt rivals to adjust schedules or introduce new flights to capture market share on the lucrative Canada–Tunisia corridor. Market analysts anticipate increased regulatory scrutiny to ensure that safety and service standards are maintained on wet-leased flights. Recent industry developments, including the recall of six United Airlines A320 aircraft by Airbus, highlight the volatility in aircraft availability and the potential for minor disruptions across the sector. Despite these challenges, Tunisair’s determination to sustain the Montréal route underscores the airline’s adaptability and the critical role of international connectivity in supporting economic and cultural exchange. As the carrier continues its internal restructuring, wet-leasing remains a pragmatic solution to bridge operational gaps and bolster the tourism economies of both Tunisia and Canada.