Spain, Belgium, and Hungary Advance Sustainable Aviation with Wizz Air’s SAF Trials

Hanwha Aviation Expands Maintenance Services with LEAP Engines Hanwha Aviation, a company established just 14 months ago, is swiftly broadening its presence in the engine maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) sector. The firm has already acquired approximately 40 narrowbody engines, including the latest LEAP and GTF models, and recently inaugurated Hanwha AeroTechnix, an MRO facility in Miami certified by the FAA, EASA, and UK CAA. Strategic Focus on Next-Generation Engines In a recent interview with Ishka, Ben Pughe-Morgan, Hanwha Aviation’s Chief Investment Officer, outlined the company’s ambitions for the coming year, highlighting a strategic emphasis on servicing new-generation engines such as the LEAP. Pughe-Morgan noted the significant growth potential in supporting operators of LEAP engines, driven by the expanding global fleet and increasing demand for dependable MRO solutions. Challenges and Competitive Dynamics Hanwha’s expansion into LEAP engine maintenance is accompanied by considerable challenges. The operational costs and technical complexities involved in servicing these advanced engines are substantially higher than those associated with legacy models. Industry analysts and engine lessors have expressed concerns over the volatility of maintenance expenses for LEAP engines, which contrasts with the more predictable costs linked to current-generation engines. The competitive environment is intensifying as established MRO providers, including MTU Maintenance, enhance their LEAP engine capabilities to capture a share of this growing market. Simultaneously, some competitors are concentrating on older engine models such as the CFM56. For instance, Magnetic Leasing is prioritizing CFM56 engines, citing rising shop visit costs for newer engines and the relative stability of maintaining mature platforms. Market observers suggest that the influx of MRO providers into the LEAP engine segment is likely to spur innovation but may also exert downward pressure on pricing and profit margins. Engine lessors are closely monitoring these developments, carefully assessing the risks and opportunities associated with the industry’s shift toward more complex, next-generation engine technologies. Outlook and Future Plans Despite these challenges, Hanwha Aviation remains optimistic about its prospects. The company’s investment in Hanwha AeroTechnix, combined with its expanding portfolio of advanced engines, positions it to play a significant role in the evolving MRO landscape. Over the next 12 months, Hanwha intends to broaden its service offerings further and strengthen partnerships with airlines and lessors as the industry transitions to next-generation engine technology.

TP Aerospace Expands Presence with New Facility in Singapore TP Aerospace has inaugurated a new office alongside a combined wheel and brake maintenance and warehouse facility in Singapore, following full approval from the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS) on August 18. This development represents a pivotal step in the company’s strategic expansion across the Asia Pacific region. State-of-the-Art Facility Designed for Growth Situated in Changi Business Park, the newly established 3,000 square meter facility is purpose-built to support future growth and is outfitted with the latest machinery. The design incorporates enhanced process flows and LEAN principles throughout the operation, aiming to improve efficiency and streamline both warehouse and maintenance functions. These operational enhancements are expected to bolster TP Aerospace’s customer support capabilities and better position the company to meet increasing demand within the region. Since 2013, Singapore has served as TP Aerospace’s Asia Pacific headquarters, providing a strategic hub for servicing customers across the region. The opening of this new facility reaffirms the company’s long-term commitment to the Asia Pacific market by ensuring it has the necessary capacity and infrastructure to sustain growth. Navigating Challenges in a Competitive Landscape TP Aerospace’s expansion occurs amid a complex and competitive aerospace supply chain environment. The company faces challenges including fluctuating global economic conditions, such as rising interest rates and inflation, which may affect operational costs and demand. Furthermore, ongoing geopolitical tensions pose risks to supply chain stability, necessitating careful management to maintain uninterrupted service. Market responses to the new facility will likely depend on perceptions of TP Aerospace’s innovation and efficiency improvements. Competitors in the industry may react by investing in similar upgrades or enhancing their own operations to safeguard market share, potentially intensifying competition within the sector. Despite these challenges, TP Aerospace’s investment in Singapore reflects confidence in the region’s growth potential and demonstrates a proactive approach to addressing both current and future market demands.

Jordan Airmotive Signs MRO Agreement for CFM56-7B Engines with Texel Air Strategic Partnership to Enhance Engine Maintenance Services Jordan Airmotive has entered into a long-term general terms agreement (GTA) with Texel Air, a Bahrain-based ACMI and charter cargo airline that also operates as a certified airframe maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) provider. Under this new partnership, Jordan Airmotive will deliver comprehensive MRO services for Texel Air’s fleet of CFM56-7B engines. The collaboration aims to improve the reliability and operational efficiency of the carrier’s aircraft, reinforcing Jordan Airmotive’s position within the Middle East aviation sector. This agreement represents a strategic expansion for Jordan Airmotive, particularly among regional cargo and charter operators. By customizing MRO programmes to address the specific demands of these sectors—where operational uptime, cost management, and flexibility are paramount—the company seeks to solidify its reputation as a trusted partner in a highly competitive market. Industry Challenges and Market Dynamics The deal comes at a time when the aviation maintenance industry faces significant challenges. Rising costs associated with shop visits, driven by increases in labor, materials, and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) parts, are rendering engine overhauls for mature platforms like the CFM56-7B progressively less cost-effective. This economic pressure is prompting operators and MRO providers alike to reconsider the viability of extensive engine repairs, exploring alternatives such as sourcing used serviceable materials or evaluating the return-to-service potential of other engine models, including the CFM56-5A. The MRO market is currently experiencing record-high profitability, which is intensifying competition among service providers. Industry players are expected to respond by strengthening partnerships with suppliers of used serviceable materials and adopting more structured assessment methodologies to optimize engine maintenance strategies. These evolving dynamics are likely to heighten competition as MRO providers navigate shifting regional demand and constrained supply chains. Jordan Airmotive’s Capabilities and Future Outlook Jordan Airmotive holds certifications from leading aviation authorities, including the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), positioning it well to meet these industry challenges. The company offers an extensive portfolio of repair and overhaul services covering engines such as the CF6-80C2, CFM56-7B, CFM56-5B, and CFM56-3. Furthermore, Jordan Airmotive is preparing to expand its capabilities to include next-generation engine platforms, with upcoming services for the LEAP-1A and LEAP-1B engines. By leveraging its internationally recognized certifications and technical expertise, Jordan Airmotive aims to maintain its status as a preferred MRO partner for airlines, lessors, and operators worldwide. The agreement with Texel Air not only underscores the company’s strength in servicing the CFM56-7B engine segment but also highlights its adaptability in addressing the evolving demands of the global MRO landscape.

Kenyan Start-Up Fly Mara Wet-Leases A321-P2F Freighter Fly Mara Airlines, a Nairobi-based start-up, has commenced operations by wet-leasing an Airbus A321-200(P2F) freighter from Egypt’s Sky Vision Airlines. This development follows the airline’s recent acquisition of its air operator’s certificate (AOC) in January 2025. The 21-year-old aircraft, registered SU-SKF (msn 2247), arrived at Nairobi’s Jomo Kenyatta International Airport from Cairo on August 19. Capable of carrying up to 25 tons of cargo, the freighter is set to serve clients across the Gulf, Europe, and Africa from Fly Mara’s Nairobi hub, according to Go Charter, the Egyptian broker responsible for facilitating the agreement. Lease Agreement and Aircraft History The wet-lease contract spans six months with an option for extension, as confirmed by a Go Charter spokesperson. Fly Mara’s AOC (KCAA/FOPS/3010/279), issued on January 27, 2025, is valid for one year until January 26, 2026, and has been independently verified by ch-aviation. The A321-200(P2F) was delivered to Sky Vision Airlines in September 2024 after undergoing a passenger-to-freighter conversion by ST Engineering in Singapore. Prior to its conversion, the aircraft operated as a passenger jet for Asiana Airlines from June 2004 to November 2016, and subsequently for Asiana subsidiary Air Busan until August 2022. Market Context and Challenges Fly Mara’s entry into the regional cargo market occurs amid intensifying competition from established carriers such as Saudia Cargo and Vietnam Airlines, both of which are expanding their freighter operations through wet-lease agreements. This competitive environment presents significant challenges for the Kenyan start-up, including the necessity to secure reliable wet-lease arrangements and to manage the operational and financial risks inherent in operating a single A321-P2F freighter. Industry analysts suggest that Fly Mara’s financial stability and capacity to sustain operations will be closely scrutinized as it attempts to carve out a position in a market dominated by larger, well-capitalized airlines. Competitors are expected to respond with strategic partnerships or increased investment in their own freighter fleets to protect their market share. In addition to its cargo services, Fly Mara Airlines promotes passenger flights to Kenya’s Masai Mara National Reserve in collaboration with local carriers such as Safarilink Aviation, FlyALS, and AirKenya, according to information available on its website. ch-aviation has contacted Fly Mara Airlines, Sky Vision Airlines, and Go Charter for further comment.

Bombardier Opens New Manufacturing Facility in Moorpark Bombardier has inaugurated its newly relocated and expanded component manufacturing facility in Moorpark, California, marking a pivotal development in the company’s strategy to bolster its U.S. operations. The 46,000-square-foot site replaces the previous Los Angeles-area facility acquired in 2022 and serves as a state-of-the-art hub for producing components for Bombardier’s flagship Global 7500 and Global 8000 business jets. Strategic Significance and Local Engagement The ribbon-cutting ceremony on August 20, 2025, was attended by Janice Parvin, Chair of the Ventura County Board of Supervisors, alongside local community leaders and Bombardier employees. The Moorpark facility currently employs 30 staff members, reflecting the company’s emphasis on technical expertise and stringent quality standards in aircraft manufacturing. David Murray, Executive Vice President of Manufacturing, IT, and Bombardier Operational Excellence System, highlighted the strategic importance of the relocation. He stated, “This facility secures our long-term presence in California and strengthens our U.S. manufacturing base.” Murray further described the Moorpark site as emblematic of Bombardier’s ongoing commitment to innovation, high-quality employment, and fostering regional partnerships. Broader Industry Context and Market Implications The relocation and expansion align with Bombardier’s broader strategy to enhance its footprint in the U.S. aerospace sector, encompassing both aircraft manufacturing and aftermarket services. Since leasing the Moorpark facility in 2024, the company has steadily integrated the site into its global supply chain, reinforcing its dedication to local communities. Nonetheless, this expansion occurs within a competitive and rapidly evolving manufacturing landscape. Bombardier may encounter challenges related to supply chain logistics, regulatory compliance, and intensified market competition. Industry analysts observe that competitors such as Jets MRO and Dassault Aviation might respond by upgrading their manufacturing capabilities or expanding service offerings to maintain market share. The recent facility expansions by companies like Westrock Coffee and NFI Group’s Alexander Dennis subsidiary further illustrate the dynamic and competitive nature of manufacturing growth across various sectors. Investor response to Bombardier’s investment has been positive, with increased interest in the company’s aerospace division. The new Moorpark facility signals a long-term commitment to advanced engineering and component manufacturing within California’s robust aerospace industry. With the Moorpark site now fully operational, Bombardier aims to solidify its regional presence while advancing its leadership in business jet innovation and manufacturing excellence.

Royal Thai Air Force to Upgrade Engines with Rolls-Royce T56 Series 3.5 Partnership and Program Overview Rolls-Royce has announced a strategic collaboration with Thai Aviation Industries (TAI) to implement the T56 Series 3.5 engine upgrade for the Royal Thai Air Force’s (RTAF) fleet of C-130H transport aircraft. This initiative positions the RTAF as the first operator in the Asia-Pacific region to adopt this advanced engine enhancement, which aims to reduce operating temperatures, extend component lifespan, and improve overall aircraft reliability. The upgrade program involves Boeing Distribution Inc (BDI), Rolls-Royce’s global distributor for the 3.5 upgrade kits, supplying essential components to Segers Aero Corporation for integration into the T56 engines. Each C-130H aircraft, powered by four T56 engines, will benefit from these improvements, which have already demonstrated success with the United States Air Force and NOAA’s P-3 fleets. Scope and Expected Benefits The contract encompasses upgrades for six aircraft, including spare engines, and is projected to reduce operational costs, decrease maintenance demands, and achieve fuel savings exceeding 10 percent. These enhancements are expected to sustain the RTAF’s C-130H fleet in active service until at least 2040, ensuring long-term operational capability. Alex Zino, Director of Business Development and Future Programmes at Rolls-Royce, emphasized the significance of the partnership, stating, “We are proud to support our Royal Thai Air Force partners, enabling them to maintain critical transport air capability for decades to come. This contract, secured through our longstanding partnership with TAI and Segers, demonstrates our commitment to delivering advanced technologies and reliable equipment to armed forces worldwide.” Amber Carnes, Vice President of T56 Programs at Rolls-Royce, highlighted the engine’s enduring legacy: “The T56 is a robust and reliable engine, serving military and civil aircraft globally for over 70 years. This contract underscores our ongoing commitment to supporting transport aircraft fleets worldwide.” Regional Impact and Future Challenges Air Chief Marshal Piboon Vorravanpreecha, Managing Director of Thai Aviation Industries, underscored the project’s importance, noting, “TAI is proud to serve as the prime contractor for the T56 Series 3.5 upgrade, supporting the modernization of the C-130H fleet. This initiative marks a major milestone for the Royal Thai Air Force and showcases TAI’s growing role in regional aerospace support.” Following a competitive tender process, the Royal Thai Air Force selected Segers Aero Corporation and Turbo Power LLC, both based in the United States, to execute the upgrade. While Rolls-Royce’s recent surge in profits and share prices—driven by strong demand for its jet engines—provides a favorable backdrop for the program, potential challenges remain. These include logistical and technical complexities such as ensuring compatibility with existing aircraft systems and securing ongoing support services. Additionally, competitors in the engine market may respond by advancing their own technologies and offering cost-effective alternatives. Nonetheless, the RTAF’s decision to adopt the T56 Series 3.5 upgrade reflects a clear commitment to modernizing its fleet and maintaining operational readiness well into the future.

BOC Aviation Reports 26% Decline in Net Profit to $342 Million, Declares Interim Dividend Financial Performance Amid Supply Chain Challenges BOC Aviation, Asia’s largest aircraft leasing company by owned fleet value, announced a 26 percent decrease in net profit for the first half of 2025, with earnings falling to US$342 million from US$460 million in the same period last year. The previous year’s results had been supported by US$175 million in write-backs related to aircraft in Russia, a factor absent in the current reporting period. Earnings per share correspondingly declined to US$0.49 from US$0.66. The company declared an interim dividend of US$0.1476 per share, down from US$0.1988 per share in the first half of 2024, representing 30 percent of net profit. This reduction reflects ongoing supply chain disruptions that continue to affect the global aviation sector and are expected to persist through the end of the decade. These challenges have contributed to aircraft shortages and elevated lease rates, impacting the company’s financial results. Despite the decline in net profit, BOC Aviation’s operating cash flow net of interest reached a record US$1 billion, driven by strong demand across its core business segments. Revenue increased by 6 percent to US$1.24 billion, up from US$1.17 billion a year earlier. The company highlighted that engine-related issues and aircraft shortages have sustained high lease rates and aircraft valuations, resulting in no aircraft impairments for the first time since 2019. Fleet Expansion and Financial Position As of June 30, 2025, BOC Aviation’s total assets grew by 2 percent to US$25.6 billion, with net assets standing at US$6.5 billion. The unencumbered value of its operating leased fleet exceeded book value by 15 percent, or US$2.8 billion. The company maintained a strong liquidity position, holding US$533 million in cash and cash equivalents alongside US$5.5 billion in undrawn committed credit facilities. Its net debt to equity ratio was reported at 2.5. During the first half of 2025, BOC Aviation placed its largest-ever order for new aircraft, securing 70 Airbus A320neo family jets and 50 Boeing 737-8 aircraft, expanding its order book to 351 aircraft. The company’s total fleet, including owned, managed, and on-order aircraft and engines, reached 834. In the period, BOC Aviation sold 18 owned aircraft and one engine, while taking delivery of 24 new aircraft and one engine. The average remaining lease term for its 441 owned aircraft was 7.9 years, weighted by net book value. Industry Context and Outlook Persistent supply chain constraints continue to challenge the aviation leasing industry, prompting competitors to explore strategic partnerships and operational efficiencies, as exemplified by Air Mauritius’s recent search for a partner in Qatar Airways. Meanwhile, more predictable aircraft deliveries from manufacturers Airbus and Boeing may help stabilize BOC Aviation’s future delivery schedules, potentially influencing market sentiment. “Our 351 aircraft order book is one of the largest of any aircraft lessor and will provide the core of our future growth,” said Steven Townend, chief executive officer and managing director. “We are well-placed to achieve our target.” BOC Aviation currently serves 92 airlines across 45 countries and territories and has been listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange since 2016.

Pudu Robotics Launches AI-Enabled 3D Perception Sweeper for Complex Cleaning Environments Pudu Robotics has introduced the PUDU MT1 Max, an advanced robotic sweeper designed to address the demands of large and intricate cleaning scenarios. As the latest model in the MT1 series, following the PUDU MT1 and MT1 Vac, the MT1 Max incorporates cutting-edge 3D spatial perception, enhanced artificial intelligence, and upgraded safety features. It is specifically engineered for expansive indoor and semi-outdoor spaces such as repair shops, building atriums, and aircraft hangars. Advanced 3D Perception and Intelligent Navigation The MT1 Max is equipped with 3D LiDAR technology combined with multi-sensor fusion, enabling it to map complex environments with centimeter-level accuracy and detect objects up to 150 meters away. This sophisticated perception system allows the robot to navigate diverse settings, including areas with ultra-high ceilings, glass roofs, and low-light or semi-open conditions. The sweeper maintains stable mapping and positioning even under challenging circumstances such as heavy dust, fog, or sandstorms. Its enhanced 3D perception capabilities support real-time intelligent path planning, allowing the device to optimize cleaning routes while proactively avoiding vehicles and unexpected obstacles. AI-Driven Cleaning Efficiency and Maintenance Powered by a dual-chip architecture that doubles its computing capacity, the MT1 Max delivers rapid recognition and efficient processing, ensuring stable performance under heavy workloads. The deep integration of hardware and software—including sensors, wheel-hub motors, and cleaning brushes—enables adaptive cleaning strategies that adjust modes based on debris weight and optimize positioning for precise trash collection. The robot employs AI trash recognition to identify multiple waste types in real time, supported by a self-learning database that continuously improves accuracy. Additionally, its AI spot cleaning function utilizes ultra-wide scanning to detect and swiftly remove waste, significantly enhancing cleaning efficiency. The MT1 Max also incorporates an internal vibration system for real-time filter cleaning, which preserves suction and filtration efficiency while reducing the need for manual maintenance. With a 70-centimeter cleaning width and a 35-liter waste bin, the sweeper is designed to deliver precise edge-to-edge cleaning, minimizing downtime and maximizing operational performance in large-scale environments. Enhanced Safety, Connectivity, and Market Position The robot’s fully upgraded obstacle avoidance system, powered by advanced 3D LiDAR, enables it to identify and respond to dynamic obstacles such as vehicles, pedestrians, and small animals. It can stop at intersections, yield in traffic lanes, or pause in parking zones as required. Safety is further reinforced by IP54-rated protection against dust and splashes, a rain sensor that triggers protective avoidance measures during adverse weather, and a 1.2-meter-high beacon with bright lights to increase visibility. Building on the capabilities of its predecessors, the MT1 Max supports 24/7 operation with automatic recharging, integrates with IoT infrastructure for smart coordination, and offers remote management tools for real-time monitoring. Its maneuverability in tight or obstacle-prone spaces enhances operational flexibility. The launch of the MT1 Max arrives amid growing industry demand for advanced automation solutions. However, Pudu Robotics faces challenges including competition from established industrial robotics manufacturers, the necessity for extensive integration and customization for specific applications, and the imperative to meet stringent safety and compliance standards. This development may prompt competitors to advance their own AI-enabled perception and navigation technologies and could lead to strategic shifts such as local manufacturing to strengthen market presence.

Joby Aims to Accelerate U.S. Flying Taxi Plans with Blade Acquisition Strategic Acquisition to Expedite Market Entry After years of regulatory delays, flying taxi startups are adopting new strategies to hasten their entry into the commercial market. Joby Aviation, a leading U.S. flying taxi company, has taken a significant step by acquiring New York-based helicopter operator Blade Air Mobility for $125 million. This acquisition is intended to accelerate Joby’s plans to launch commercial flying taxi services across the United States. Eric Allison, Joby’s chief product officer, emphasized the importance of Blade’s established business model in the decision to acquire the company. In an interview with Skift, Allison noted that Blade is “at the leading edge” of urban air mobility, effectively utilizing existing technology and aircraft while maximizing operational efficiency. Blade’s expertise and established customer base are expected to provide Joby with a valuable platform to build upon. Industry Context and Challenges Ahead Flying taxis, or electric vertical takeoff and landing vehicles (eVTOLs), have attracted substantial investment from major airlines including United and Delta. Joby’s acquisition of Blade is widely viewed as a strategic move to leverage Blade’s infrastructure and operational experience, potentially smoothing the path for Joby’s own eVTOL aircraft once regulatory approval is obtained. Despite this progress, significant challenges remain. Regulatory clearance for eVTOL aircraft is still pending, and the sector faces intense competition from other developers racing to bring urban air mobility solutions to market. Ensuring the safety and reliability of commercial eVTOL operations will be paramount as companies transition from testing phases to passenger service. Market Response and Industry Implications Market reactions to Joby’s acquisition have been largely positive. Investors have expressed confidence in Joby’s approach, seeing the deal as a means to accelerate commercialization and secure a foothold in key urban markets. The acquisition is also prompting competitors to advance their own technologies and services to maintain a competitive edge in the rapidly evolving urban air mobility sector. As Joby integrates Blade’s operations and prepares for forthcoming regulatory milestones, the company is positioning itself at the forefront of the emerging flying taxi industry, with the goal of making urban air travel a practical reality for U.S. consumers in the near future.

China and Boeing Near Landmark Aircraft Deal Amid Political and Market Pressures Boeing is reportedly on the verge of securing a significant agreement with China for the sale of up to 500 aircraft, according to Bloomberg. This potential deal would represent a major breakthrough for the U.S. manufacturer, though it remains dependent on the resolution of ongoing political tensions between Beijing and the U.S. government. Historically, aircraft orders between China and Western manufacturers have been heavily influenced by diplomatic considerations, with Boeing and its European rival Airbus navigating a complex and often fraught political landscape. Political and Trade Challenges in U.S.-China Aviation Relations Boeing’s relationship with China has faced considerable challenges in recent years. The company was effectively sidelined in 2017 following the imposition of tariffs on Chinese goods by then-President Donald Trump. These tariffs were maintained and expanded under President Joe Biden, who introduced additional economic and industrial sanctions in response to China’s covert alignment with Russia after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine. The trade tensions intensified further when Trump was reelected in 2020, leading to additional tariffs that complicated U.S.-China trade relations and, by extension, commercial aviation dealings. Despite these obstacles, negotiations between Boeing and Chinese authorities have reportedly progressed, suggesting a possible easing of tensions if political barriers can be overcome. Industry analysts emphasize that even if the deal is not finalized imminently, the ongoing discussions highlight the limitations of China’s domestic aircraft manufacturing capabilities. The COMAC C919, China’s homegrown narrowbody jet, has yet to meet the country’s rapidly growing demand for new airliners. This shortfall was particularly evident following the 21-month grounding of the Boeing 737 MAX after two fatal crashes in 2018 and 2019. China was the first country to ground the MAX and the last to recertify it, only doing so after the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration cleared the aircraft in late 2021. Market Dynamics and Competitive Pressures Airbus, which assembles A320 and A321neo jets in Tianjin and delivers additional aircraft from Europe, has also been unable to fully compensate for Boeing’s absence in the Chinese market. China currently lacks the capability to produce widebody aircraft, a segment where Airbus alone cannot satisfy the country’s demand. Consequently, many industry observers argue that China’s aviation sector remains reliant on Boeing, despite ongoing political frictions and ambitions to develop a self-sufficient domestic aerospace industry. The potential Boeing-China deal emerges amid intensifying competition in the global aircraft market. Other manufacturers, such as SNC, are attempting to challenge established players by pursuing major contracts, including the U.S. Navy trainer competition. Meanwhile, shifting market dynamics, driven by evolving international travel patterns, are influencing airline strategies. For instance, American Airlines’ recent requests for frequency waivers on routes to China and Cuba may affect operational decisions and demand for new aircraft in these regions, with potential implications for Boeing’s market positioning. As Boeing and China approach a landmark agreement, the outcome will not only shape the future of U.S.-China commercial aviation relations but also impact the broader competitive environment. Airbus and other manufacturers are closely monitoring developments, seeking opportunities to defend or expand their market share in one of the world’s fastest-growing aviation markets.