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The Growing Demand for Sustainable Aviation Fuel

The Growing Demand for Sustainable Aviation Fuel
Sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) is rapidly transitioning from a niche innovation to a pivotal element in the aviation industry’s strategy to reduce carbon emissions. Airlines are increasingly demanding SAF, governments are implementing supportive policies, and researchers are striving to lower production costs. As SAF gains traction, its influence extends beyond aviation, impacting agriculture, seed companies, and the broader supply chains responsible for supplying the necessary raw materials.
Agriculture’s Emerging Role in Aviation
Although SAF is often framed within the broader energy transition, it is becoming fundamentally linked to agriculture. The aviation sector requires alternatives to petroleum-based jet fuel that are compatible with existing aircraft and infrastructure. This necessity places agriculture at the forefront, as SAF production depends on hydrocarbons derived from biological sources, including crop residues, forestry byproducts, waste streams, and purpose-grown biomass.
Steve Csonka, executive director of the Commercial Aviation Alternative Fuels Initiative (CAAFI), characterizes this development as the birth of a new industrial sector. He explains, “We’re talking about really a new industrial sector that we’re trying to bring online to produce more sustainable fuels for aviation.” The industry has made tangible progress, with SAF now being commercially supplied at multiple airports worldwide. However, economic challenges remain a significant barrier to widespread adoption.
Economic Challenges and Scaling Production
While the technology to produce SAF is established, affordability continues to hinder its broader deployment. Conventional jet fuel maintains a substantial price advantage, complicating efforts to scale SAF production. Csonka highlights this issue, stating, “The key issue is that they are still not very affordable.” Although production capacity is expanding, many facilities are not operating at full capacity. Market dynamics, policy incentives, and competition from other renewable fuels such as renewable diesel influence producers’ decisions to prioritize SAF.
Feedstock availability is only one aspect of the economic equation. The overall cost structure, conversion efficiency, supply chain logistics, and regulatory support collectively determine whether SAF can establish a sustainable market within agriculture and aviation.
Feedstock Realities: From Theory to Practice
A critical focus in SAF development is identifying raw materials that can be efficiently produced, aggregated, and converted into fuel. Elvis Ebikade, director of aviation at Bioleum Corporation, notes that fuel production technologies are closely linked to the characteristics of feedstocks. Presently, commercial SAF production relies heavily on oil-based inputs such as used cooking oils and vegetable oils. Emerging technologies aim to utilize lignocellulosic materials—like crop residues and woody biomass—to broaden supply sources and reduce costs.
Despite the theoretical abundance of certain feedstocks, practical challenges persist. Ebikade points out, “On paper, corn stover is abundant. In practice, it is very hard to work with, because it has a lot of ash.” Variability in biological feedstocks can disrupt conversion processes and increase production costs, complicating efforts to scale SAF manufacturing.
Market Growth and Future Constraints
The global SAF market is projected to reach $50 billion by 2036, yet industry experts anticipate a feedstock “tipping point” beyond 2030, which could lead to supply constraints. To address these challenges, airlines are exploring alternative technologies such as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL), which converts sewage and organic waste into jet fuel, offering a potential solution to the scarcity and high cost of traditional feedstocks.
Ambitious initiatives like the Cascadia Coalition aim to produce 1 billion gallons of SAF annually by 2035. New market entrants, including Syzygy Plasmonics, are securing demand through offtake agreements, while North America remains a leader in the bio-based SAF market due to strong policy frameworks and established production facilities.
Despite these advances, the industry continues to face significant hurdles in scaling production and ensuring a reliable, affordable supply of feedstocks to meet growing demand. The future success of SAF will depend on the coordinated efforts of agriculture, technology, and policy to overcome these challenges.

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