Air India’s Only Crash Survivor Recounts Escape

Data and AI Tools Are Here. Are You Ready to Use Them? In the ongoing discourse on digital transformation, the aviation industry stands at the forefront of integrating data and artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize its operations. While previous discussions have centered on enhancing the passenger experience, the current focus shifts to the operational core where AI, the Internet of Things (IoT), and advanced analytics are actively reshaping the sector’s efficiency, safety, and sustainability. The Integration of AI and Data in Aviation Operations AI, machine learning, and IoT have transitioned from futuristic concepts to essential components within aviation. These technologies are instrumental in driving improvements across multiple facets of airline operations. However, the true value of these innovations is realized only when supported by rigorous data management and a culture that encourages data sharing. As Oleksandr Plyska, Vice President at Sigma Software Group, emphasizes, “Technology alone won’t fix inefficiencies; better data will.” A recent report by SITA in 2024 reveals that 97% of airlines have incorporated AI in some capacity. Despite this widespread adoption, nearly 60% of AI initiatives fail, often due to inadequate data quality or fragmented infrastructure. This underscores the critical importance of intelligent data governance to support sophisticated AI systems. Demonstrated Benefits and Industry Applications Several airlines have showcased the tangible benefits of effectively deploying AI and analytics. Lufthansa, for instance, employs data science to forecast water requirements for each flight, thereby reducing unnecessary weight and waste, which contributes to both cost savings and environmental sustainability. Similarly, easyJet has moved away from uniform food stocking practices, instead utilizing demand prediction models to optimize inventory, cutting costs and minimizing waste. Southwest Airlines has made significant strides by implementing predictive models powered by neural networks, enabling the generation of 9,600 monthly fuel consumption forecasts within five minutes—a substantial improvement over the previous method that produced only 1,200 forecasts over three days. Perhaps the most impactful application lies in predictive maintenance. Airlines such as Delta have leveraged AI and IoT sensors to reduce unscheduled maintenance events by more than 15%, enhancing reliability and reducing operational costs. Sigma Software Group has developed comparable systems for Scandinavian Airlines, delivering continuous savings. Additionally, the company has invested in automated ground handling solutions that optimize staff allocation and drastically reduce planning time through cloud-agnostic, modular technologies. Challenges and the Evolving Competitive Landscape Despite these advancements, the aviation industry faces significant challenges, particularly concerning data privacy and security. A recent GovTech report indicates that 62% of organizations identify these issues as major obstacles to AI adoption. The competitive environment is also intensifying, with technology giants such as Amazon, Microsoft, and Meta making strategic moves to dominate the AI space. Meta’s recruitment of leading AI researchers from OpenAI, Amazon’s large-scale AI data center project in Indiana, and Microsoft’s claims of approaching human-level AI intelligence exemplify the rapid evolution underway. Beyond aviation, AI adoption is expanding into other sectors, including automotive companies like Hertz. At the same time, the increasing digital integration heightens exposure to cybersecurity threats, as illustrated by attacks from groups such as the Scattered Spider hacker collective. Navigating the Path Forward The tools necessary for digital transformation are firmly in place, yet their successful implementation depends on more than technological capability. A steadfast commitment to data quality, security, and collaborative practices is essential. As the aviation industry and the broader market continue to evolve, those organizations that harness data and AI with prudence and vigilance will be best positioned to thrive in this new era.

IBAC Welcomes Four New Industry Partners The International Business Aviation Council (IBAC) has expanded its Industry Partner Programme (IPP) with the addition of four new members, increasing its global network to 26 partners. The latest entrants include three UK-based companies—Affinity Aviation Group, Gama Aviation, and NERD.aero—alongside Canada’s Execaire Aviation. This development raises the number of British-based IBAC partners to five, underscoring the council’s growing presence in key international markets. New Partners and Their Expertise Affinity Aviation Group joined IBAC as an Operator Affiliate last month. With offices in Mayfair, Central London, and at Farnborough Airport, Affinity provides a comprehensive range of services including aircraft charter, acquisitions, sales, and advisory support. The company is also an active participant in the British Business and General Aviation Association (BBGA), reinforcing its commitment to the UK aviation sector. Gama Aviation, headquartered in Farnborough, became an IBAC Industry Partner Associate during EBACE 2025 in Geneva. Recognized as a global leader in aviation services, Gama Aviation offers expertise in aircraft management, charter operations, maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO), fixed-base operations (FBO), special mission services, and technology and outsourcing solutions. NERD.aero, also based in the UK, specializes in custom aviation software development. As a new Industry Partner Associate, NERD.aero contributes technical expertise and a dedication to design excellence within the business aviation sector, reflecting IBAC’s increasing focus on technological innovation. Execaire Aviation, a division of the IMP Group, joined as an IBAC Operator Affiliate during last month’s Canadian Business Aviation Association (CBAA) conference. As Canada’s longest-standing provider of integrated aviation services for corporate and commercial markets, Execaire brings extensive experience and a strong presence in North America. Opportunities and Challenges Ahead The expansion of IBAC’s Industry Partner Programme highlights growing investor interest and confidence in the council’s global influence. However, the integration of new partners presents several challenges. IBAC must navigate complex regulatory environments across multiple jurisdictions while managing increased market competition. The incorporation of diverse technologies and services, particularly with innovative partners like NERD.aero, will require concerted efforts to align technical standards and secure market acceptance. Moreover, the evolving business aviation landscape may prompt competitors to intensify marketing efforts or seek collaborative ventures to maintain their market positions. IBAC’s ability to harmonize these dynamics will be critical as it continues to foster collaboration and set industry standards. A Growing Network Alongside the new members, IBAC’s Industry Partner roster includes prominent organizations such as 4Air, Bombardier, CAE, Corporate Jet Investor, Daher, Elite Wings Media, Jet Aviation, Luxaviation, MD ONBOARD, MedAire, Roland Vincent Associates (RVA), SynerJet Aviation, UAS International Trip Support, and Universal Weather & Aviation. Additional notable operator affiliates include Dell Technologies, ECHO3, Dupont, GCI Communications, Joby Aviation, KAL Aviation, Metrojet, and Starlink Aviation. As IBAC continues to broaden its network, the organization remains committed to enhancing collaboration, advancing global business aviation standards, and addressing the complexities inherent in a dynamic and rapidly evolving sector.

South Korea Orders Fuel Inspections on Boeing Jets Following Air India Crash Report Urgent Safety Measures in Response to Air India Tragedy South Korea has mandated immediate inspections of fuel switch locks on all Boeing aircraft operated by domestic airlines, following the fatal crash of Air India Flight AI-171. This directive arises from preliminary findings in the ongoing investigation, which have raised concerns about the reliability of these components. The scrutiny of fuel switch locks has now become a focal point for aviation regulators worldwide. The crash, which occurred in June, involved a Boeing 787-8 bound for London and resulted in the deaths of 241 of the 242 passengers and crew onboard. Early reports indicate that the aircraft’s engines lost fuel supply shortly after takeoff. Investigators from the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) have cited a 2018 advisory issued by the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which warned of potential malfunctions in fuel switch locking mechanisms. This advisory has prompted a global reassessment of safety protocols related to these components. Regulatory Response and Industry Reactions South Korea’s Ministry of Transport confirmed that the inspections will adhere to the FAA’s 2018 guidelines, although no specific timeline for completion has been announced. A ministry spokesperson characterized the inspections as precautionary measures aligned with international safety standards. This move follows similar actions by Etihad Airways, which has already initiated inspections of its Boeing fleet in response to the FAA advisory. Despite the heightened attention on fuel switch locks, both the FAA and Boeing have maintained that these components remain safe and airworthy. Boeing declined to comment directly, referring inquiries to the FAA, which has yet to release a public statement regarding the issue. Ongoing Investigation and Industry Implications The investigation into the Air India crash continues, with authorities seeking to determine whether the disaster was caused by mechanical failure, such as a malfunctioning fuel switch, or by pilot error. Air India’s CEO, Campbell Wilson, has urged caution against premature conclusions, emphasizing in an internal memo that the inquiry is far from complete. This incident has intensified regulatory vigilance and sparked a broader debate within the global aviation community about the necessity of revisiting and potentially strengthening older safety advisories in light of changing operational conditions. As South Korean airlines and others commence their inspections, the aviation industry faces renewed pressure to ensure that all certified components meet the highest standards of safety and reliability.

Etihad Orders Inspection of Fuel Systems on Boeing 787 Fleet Following Ahmedabad Crash Report Immediate Response to Preliminary Findings Etihad Airways has mandated urgent inspections of fuel switch systems across its Boeing 787 fleet in the wake of a preliminary investigation into the recent Air India crash near Ahmedabad. The probe suggested that an abrupt fuel cutoff may have contributed to the accident. This directive follows renewed attention to a 2018 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) advisory, which warned of potential malfunctions in fuel switches on certain Boeing models, including the 787. The Air India flight AI171, traveling from Ahmedabad to London, crashed just 34 seconds after takeoff, resulting in the deaths of 241 passengers and crew, as well as casualties on the ground when the aircraft struck BJ Medical College and adjacent residential areas. Vishwas Kumar Ramesh, a British national, was the sole survivor. The Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) determined that both engines shut down mid-flight after the fuel cutoff switches were activated seconds after departure. Cockpit voice recordings have deepened the mystery, capturing one pilot questioning the other about the fuel cutoff, while the second pilot denied any such action. Safety Precautions and Regulatory Context In response to these findings, Etihad, headquartered in Abu Dhabi, has issued instructions to its pilots to exercise heightened vigilance when handling fuel switches on Boeing 787 aircraft. Pilots have been advised against placing any objects on the pedestal that might inadvertently engage the switches and to report any anomalies immediately. This precautionary measure comes despite India’s civil aviation regulator stating that the ongoing investigation has not uncovered significant safety concerns related to the Boeing 787 fleet. The FAA’s 2018 advisory, which has resurfaced following the crash, highlighted a disengaged locking mechanism that could allow the fuel switch to move without being physically lifted, potentially causing unintended engine shutdowns. The AAIB report noted that the inspections recommended by the FAA were not performed on the Air India aircraft, as the advisory was not mandatory. Ongoing Investigation and Industry Implications Air India’s CEO, Campbell Wilson, in an internal memo reviewed by Reuters, emphasized that no mechanical or maintenance faults were identified during the investigation and that all required maintenance had been completed. He cautioned against premature conclusions, underscoring that the inquiry remains ongoing. Families of the victims continue to seek clarity as authorities work to reconstruct the precise sequence of events leading to the crash. While the FAA has not identified any new issues warranting regulatory action at this stage, the incident has reignited debate over the sufficiency of existing safety measures and advisories for Boeing aircraft. Etihad’s proactive inspections reflect a broader industry vigilance as airlines and regulators await the final conclusions of the Ahmedabad crash investigation.

Etihad Advises Caution and Orders Inspection of Fuel Control Switches on Boeing 787s Heightened Vigilance Following Air India Crash Investigation Etihad Airways, based in Abu Dhabi, has issued a directive urging its pilots to exercise increased caution when operating the fuel control switches on its Boeing 787 fleet. This advisory accompanies an order for a thorough inspection of the locking mechanisms associated with these switches. The airline’s measures come amid ongoing investigations into the June 12 crash of an Air India Boeing 787-8, which, while not yet identifying any definitive technical faults, have brought renewed scrutiny to the operation of these critical cockpit controls. In a bulletin dated July 12, Etihad instructed its flight crews to remain vigilant when handling the fuel control switches or any nearby controls. Pilots were also advised to ensure that no objects are left on the pedestal that could inadvertently cause the switches to move and to promptly report any irregularities encountered during flight operations. The airline emphasized that these precautions are being implemented “out of an abundance of caution” as the official safety investigation involving another Boeing 787 operator remains unresolved. Regulatory Context and Industry Response Etihad’s directive follows a recent communication from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to global aviation authorities, which reiterated a 2018 advisory concerning the disengagement of fuel control switch locks. This reminder was prompted by preliminary findings from Indian investigators examining the Air India crash, although no conclusive cause has yet been established. Despite the heightened attention, both the FAA and Boeing have reaffirmed the safety and regulatory compliance of the fuel control switch locking mechanisms. Nevertheless, the exact circumstances that led to the movement of these switches during the Air India incident remain unclear, prompting continued scrutiny from airlines, regulators, and industry stakeholders. Technical Inspections and Industry Implications In a separate technical bulletin, Etihad has directed its engineering teams to perform detailed inspections of the fuel control switch locking features across its Boeing 787 aircraft. The procedures outlined include verifying the proper engagement of the locks and, where necessary, replacing the thrust control module housing the switches. As the investigation into the Air India crash proceeds without definitive conclusions, Etihad’s proactive approach exemplifies the broader aviation industry’s cautious stance. The situation continues to be closely monitored by regulatory bodies and competitors alike, with potential ramifications for Boeing and its airline customers should any new safety concerns arise.

Air India Replaced Throttle Control Module Twice on Crashed Boeing 787, Investigation Reveals Background and Investigation Focus Air India replaced the Throttle Control Module (TCM) of its Boeing 787-8 Dreamliner twice within the last six years, following a 2019 directive issued by Boeing, according to sources involved in the ongoing investigation of the June 12, 2025, crash near Ahmedabad. The aircraft, registered VT-ANB and bound for London, has come under intense scrutiny as authorities seek to determine the cause of the fatal accident, with particular attention on the reliability of the Dreamliner’s systems, especially the TCM. The TCM, which incorporates the aircraft’s fuel control switches, has emerged as a central element in the probe after investigators discovered that these switches were disengaged immediately after takeoff. The preliminary report released by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB) on Saturday confirmed that the TCM was replaced on the aircraft in both 2019 and 2023. However, the report clarified that these replacements were not related to any faults with the fuel control switches. Maintenance Directives and Regulatory Context In 2019, Boeing issued a revised Maintenance Planning Document (MPD) mandating that all Dreamliner operators replace the TCM every 24,000 flight hours. Air India complied with this directive, replacing the TCM on VT-ANB twice since the MPD was issued. Specific details of the MPD have not been publicly disclosed, and Air India has not responded to inquiries regarding the replacements. The crash has prompted the Indian government to initiate an urgent inspection of all Boeing 787 aircraft operating within the country. This incident poses significant challenges for both Air India and Boeing as they strive to restore public confidence and address any potential technical vulnerabilities. Market analysts and investors are closely monitoring the situation for possible financial implications, while competitors in the aviation sector evaluate the broader impact on the industry. A Boeing spokesperson reiterated the company’s commitment to supporting the investigation and Air India, stating, “We will defer to the AAIB to provide information about AI171, in adherence with the UN International Civil Aviation Organization protocol known as Annex 13.” Findings and Ongoing Analysis The AAIB report noted that, at this stage, no immediate safety actions are recommended for operators of the B787-8 or the GE GEnx-1B engines, which powered the VT-ANB. The report also referenced a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) issued by the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in December 2018, which highlighted a potential issue with the disengagement of the fuel control switch locking feature on certain Boeing models. However, the FAA did not classify this as an unsafe condition requiring a mandatory directive. Air India confirmed that it did not perform the inspections recommended in the SAIB, as it was advisory in nature. Maintenance records reviewed by investigators revealed no reported defects related to the fuel control switch since 2023. The AAIB emphasized that the reasons for the TCM replacements were unrelated to the fuel control switches. As the investigation continues, analysis of the aircraft’s black boxes is expected to yield critical insights into the role of the TCM and other systems in the crash. These findings are likely to influence future safety protocols and industry practices.

NASA's X-59 Jet Aims for Quiet Supersonic Flight at Mach 1.4 Advancing Quieter Supersonic Technology NASA’s X-59 experimental jet has reached a significant milestone by achieving speeds of Mach 1.4, marking a notable advancement in the pursuit of quieter supersonic flight. Developed under NASA’s Quesst mission, the X-59 is designed to drastically reduce the loud sonic boom traditionally associated with breaking the sound barrier. This innovation holds the potential to transform commercial aviation by enabling faster travel without the disruptive noise that has long limited supersonic flights over land. Recent test flights of the X-59 have demonstrated promising progress toward this goal. By minimizing the noise footprint, NASA aims to overcome one of the primary obstacles that have prevented the widespread adoption of supersonic passenger flights since the 1970s. The success of these tests could signal a new chapter in aviation, where supersonic travel becomes both practical and community-friendly. Regulatory and Market Challenges Despite the technological strides, significant challenges remain before the X-59 can enter commercial service. The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has enforced a ban on supersonic flight over land since 1973 due to concerns about noise pollution. For NASA’s quiet boom technology to gain regulatory approval, it must provide compelling evidence that the X-59 operates within acceptable noise limits. Navigating these regulatory hurdles will be essential for the future viability of supersonic travel. If NASA’s efforts prove successful, the market response is expected to be favorable. A quieter supersonic jet could reignite interest in high-speed air travel, enabling new, lucrative routes and substantially reducing transcontinental flight times. The aerospace sector is closely monitoring these developments, especially as international competitors such as China’s Comac pursue their own supersonic projects with designs aimed at further reducing sonic disturbances. Strategic Implications for Aerospace Innovation NASA’s work on the X-59 also reflects a broader strategic shift toward revolutionary propulsion technologies for commercial aviation. This pivot comes amid tightening budget constraints, underscoring the urgency for NASA to sustain its leadership in aerospace innovation. The advancements embodied by the X-59 represent a critical moment in aerospace engineering, with the potential to usher in a new era of efficient, quiet, and commercially viable supersonic flight—provided that both technical and regulatory challenges can be successfully addressed.

Flying Taxis Take Flight in China, Realizing Long-Standing Science Fiction Visions For decades, cinematic portrayals in films such as *The Fifth Element*, *Blade Runner*, and *Back to the Future* have captivated audiences with futuristic images of flying cars navigating urban skylines. This once speculative vision is now approaching reality as China initiates its first autonomous flying taxi test flights, marking a pivotal advancement in the field of urban air mobility. Breakthrough in Urban Air Mobility This milestone has been achieved through a collaboration between the Chinese government and technology firm EHang, which recently showcased successful public demonstrations of its EH216 electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) vehicles. These drone-like taxis are designed to carry a single passenger along with a suitcase, reaching speeds of up to 81 miles per hour and covering distances of approximately 35 kilometers, equating to around 21 minutes of flight time. The fully electric vehicles recharge within two hours and employ 16 propellers to ensure stability and safety during operation. Video footage of the test flights rapidly circulated on social media platforms, providing viewers with a firsthand look at the smooth takeoffs and landings, as well as sweeping aerial views of the cityscape. Although these vehicles differ from traditional automobiles, their resemblance to large drones highlights the significant technological progress being made. On April 6, EHang announced that it had secured official certification for the EH216 model from the Civil Aviation Administration of China, a critical regulatory approval that paves the way for commercial deployment. However, the company has yet to disclose a definitive timeline for full-scale service or identify the initial cities slated for rollout. Challenges and Market Outlook Despite the enthusiasm surrounding this development, several challenges remain before flying taxis can become a widespread mode of transportation. Regulatory frameworks governing urban air mobility are still in the process of formation, and safety concerns continue to be paramount for both regulators and the public. Additionally, technological hurdles such as battery endurance and the management of increasingly complex air traffic must be overcome to ensure the viability of these services. Market responses have been measured but optimistic. Investors recognize the substantial growth potential in this sector, with forecasts suggesting that the global flying taxi market could reach a valuation of $14.5 billion by 2034. In response, competitors are intensifying their research and development efforts or seeking strategic partnerships to remain competitive amid rapid industry advancements. As China asserts itself as a leader in this nascent industry, the advent of flying taxis moves beyond the realm of science fiction. While obstacles persist, the successful test flights herald a transformative era in urban transportation, one that may fundamentally alter how people navigate cities and reshape urban skylines for future generations.

FAA Interim Report Finds No Immediate Safety Issues with Boeing 787-8 in Air India Crash The U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has communicated to international aviation authorities that its interim review of the Air India Boeing 787-8 crash on June 12 revealed no immediate safety concerns related to the aircraft’s engines or systems. This update, issued on July 11, corroborates preliminary findings from India’s Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), which is leading the ongoing investigation. Details of the Incident and Investigation According to a senior official from India’s Ministry of Civil Aviation, the FAA’s notification acknowledged the AAIB’s interim report, which identified that the fuel supply switches to both engines moved to the ‘CUTOFF’ position just three seconds after takeoff. This action caused a loss of engine thrust and the subsequent shutdown of both engines, ultimately resulting in the crash. The FAA also referenced its December 2018 advisory, which highlighted the potential for the locking mechanism on the fuel supply switches to become disengaged. Despite this, the U.S. regulator did not issue any new safety recommendations, instead reaffirming its previous guidance and committing to ongoing information sharing as the investigation progresses. The fuel switches involved are equipped with protective brackets and a spring-loaded locking mechanism designed to prevent accidental activation. Pilots must perform a deliberate two-step action—lifting the switch over a metal stop before pulling it down—to move it from RUN to CUTOFF. The FAA’s earlier Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin (SAIB) had advised airlines to inspect and, if necessary, replace switches with enhanced locking features. However, this guidance was advisory rather than mandatory. The AAIB report noted that Air India had not implemented the FAA’s 2018 recommendations, explaining that the bulletin was not compulsory. Furthermore, no defects in the fuel control switch had been reported since 2023, when the throttle control module was last replaced on the aircraft involved. Broader Implications and Market Response Globally, 77 airlines operate the Boeing 787, with 171 aircraft registered in the United States and 1,189 worldwide. Despite the crash, both the FAA and India’s Directorate General of Civil Aviation have found no significant safety concerns with the Boeing 787-8 fleet. Market reaction to the incident has been relatively subdued. Boeing’s stock price has remained stable, with analysts maintaining a new street-high price target. In response to the crash, Boeing has chosen to adopt a lower-profile presence at the upcoming Paris Air Show. Nevertheless, traveler confidence remains fragile. A recent survey by Skift indicates that a majority of Indian travelers have avoided certain airlines or routes due to safety concerns, highlighting the ongoing sensitivity surrounding aviation safety in the region. While the investigation continues, regulators emphasize that current evidence does not indicate an immediate risk associated with the Boeing 787-8, and no new mandatory safety directives have been issued.

Nigeria's Aviation Reforms Show Early Progress Amid Ongoing Challenges The Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority (NCAA) has reported encouraging early results from recent government-led reforms aimed at modernizing the country’s aviation sector. Speaking at a weekend retreat in Uyo themed “Achieving Operational Excellence in Air Transport Regulation for Safety and Economic Sustainability,” Olayinka Babaoye-Iriobe, Director of the Directorate of Air Transport Regulation (DATR), outlined key developments that signal progress in regulatory and operational frameworks. Key Policy Changes and Their Impact Central to the reforms is the introduction of a new aircraft leasing policy alongside the implementation of the Irrevocable De-registration and Export Request Authorization (IDERA). These initiatives, driven by the Ministry of Aviation and Aerospace Development, have markedly improved Nigeria’s position on the Cape Town Convention (CTC) index. Previously languishing below 49%, Nigeria’s low ranking had hindered local airlines’ access to leasing companies and contributed to elevated leasing costs. Babaoye-Iriobe emphasized the transformative effect of IDERA on the sector, noting that the improved CTC index has made Nigeria a more attractive destination for leasing companies. This shift has led to a reduction in aircraft leasing costs, which is expected to lower flight cancellations and bolster confidence in the aviation subsector. “When the index was at 49%, airlines faced high leasing rates that impacted fares. Now, with the implementation of IDERA, the cost of leasing aircraft has dropped significantly,” she explained. In addition to leasing reforms, the NCAA has enhanced the ease of doing business by launching an electronic portal for economic authorizations. This digital platform enables airlines to apply for licenses and renewals online, eliminating the need for physical visits to NCAA offices. Babaoye-Iriobe highlighted that once requirements are met, applications and payments can be completed digitally, streamlining regulatory processes and improving efficiency. The authority also conducts routine economic and financial audits to ensure airlines maintain financial viability and operational safety. These audits help identify and address weaknesses, contributing to the sector’s sustainability. Persistent Challenges and Tax Reform Efforts Despite these positive developments, significant challenges remain. A recent report by the African Airlines Association revealed that air fare taxes in Nigeria are among the highest in Africa, exceeding those in most other countries by a factor of three. This elevated tax burden risks suppressing consumer demand and undermining the sector’s competitiveness, even as regulatory reforms take hold. In response, the Nigerian government has enacted a tax reform law, signed by President Bola Tinubu, aimed at restructuring the aviation tax framework. While these reforms seek to modernize the sector and attract investment, the full impact on market dynamics and competitor responses is yet to be seen. As Nigeria’s aviation industry continues to evolve, stakeholders remain attentive to how these regulatory improvements and the ongoing challenge of high air fare taxes will influence the sector’s future growth and competitive positioning.