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Jet Engines Powered by Used Cooking Oil

Jet Engines Powered by Used Cooking Oil
India is pioneering a novel approach to sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) by converting used cooking oil into jet fuel, marking a significant step in the country’s green aviation ambitions. The Panipat refinery, operated by Indian Oil, has become the first facility in India to produce SAF from used cooking oil, signaling a new phase in the nation’s efforts to reduce carbon emissions in the aviation sector. This development, certified by Cotecna’s Indian division, a Swiss inspection firm, confirms the refinery’s capability to transform kitchen waste into a viable alternative to conventional jet fuel.
This initiative aligns with international climate goals, particularly the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation (CORSIA), a United Nations program aimed at reducing the environmental impact of air travel. India has committed to blending 1% SAF in international flights by 2027, increasing to 2% by 2028, with similar mandates expected for domestic aviation.
India’s Biofuel Journey and Emerging Prospects
India’s engagement with sustainable aviation fuels has been marked by both innovation and challenges. Early efforts included SpiceJet’s 2018 flight using a blend of traditional aviation turbine fuel and jatropha-based biofuel, developed by the Indian Institute of Petroleum. IndiGo followed with a 10% SAF blend on a ferry flight from Toulouse to Delhi in 2022. While these flights demonstrated the potential of biofuels, widespread adoption has been limited.
Jatropha, once considered a promising biofuel crop, ultimately failed to meet expectations due to low yields and competition with food crops. In contrast, ethanol has seen more success, driven by government support under Union Minister Nitin Gadkari. India achieved a 20% ethanol blend in petrol by 2025, five years ahead of schedule, resulting in substantial foreign exchange savings and a dramatic increase in ethanol production from 38 crore litres in 2014 to over 661 crore litres.
Looking ahead, the government is focusing on ethanol-based SAF through the alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) pathway, with ambitious targets to produce 30 billion litres annually from crop residues and municipal waste. Although SAF currently remains more expensive than conventional aviation fuel, the environmental advantages are fostering growing interest among policymakers and industry stakeholders.
Challenges and the Road Ahead
Despite the promising developments, several obstacles could impede the rapid expansion of SAF in India. Regulatory hurdles, competition with established fossil fuels, and the need for new infrastructure pose significant challenges. The market’s response will depend on the perceived environmental benefits and whether SAF can become cost-competitive. Airlines and fuel producers may also explore alternative sustainable fuels or enhance existing technologies to maintain their competitive edge.
As India advances its sustainable aviation agenda, the critical question remains whether bio-based fuels like used cooking oil can transition from experimental projects to mainstream aviation fuel sources. For now, the transformation of recycled cooking oil into jet fuel represents a symbolic and practical step toward a greener future in aviation.

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