Kagame Criticizes High Cost of Air Travel in Africa

Archer Aviation Expands Partnership with Korean Air Archer Aviation, the electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) startup supported by Boeing, is broadening its collaboration with Korean Air to introduce air taxi services in South Korea. This announcement propelled Archer’s shares up 6% in early U.S. trading, reflecting investor optimism about the company’s growing presence in the urban air mobility sector. The partnership focuses on deploying Archer’s Midnight eVTOL air taxis for short urban trips and airport transfers, positioning the company as a key player in the emerging market for sustainable, efficient city transportation. Strategic Collaboration and Market Positioning Backed by industry leaders such as Boeing and Stellantis, Archer is leveraging South Korea’s strong interest in innovative transit solutions to accelerate the commercial rollout of its air taxis. Korean Air is expected to place an order for up to 100 Midnight eVTOL aircraft, joining other major customers like United Airlines. In addition to expanding its customer base, Archer has recently enhanced its technological capabilities by acquiring hundreds of patents from competitor Lilium and demonstrating advancements in performance testing. These developments underscore the company’s commitment to maintaining a competitive edge in a rapidly evolving industry. Challenges and Competitive Landscape Despite the promising outlook, Archer faces significant challenges on the path to commercial operations. Regulatory approval remains a major obstacle, as aviation authorities in South Korea and other countries continue to develop frameworks for advanced air mobility services. The company also contends with intense competition from rivals such as Joby Aviation and Lilium, both of which are actively pursuing their own strategic partnerships and technological innovations. As the market intensifies, these competitors may respond with similar alliances or acquisitions to secure their positions. Investor enthusiasm for urban air mobility is strong, driven by the potential for cleaner and faster urban commutes and the involvement of established aerospace firms. However, the sector’s long development timelines and substantial costs are evident. Archer projects adjusted EBITDA losses of up to $130 million this quarter, an increase from $93 million a year earlier, highlighting the financial challenges inherent in transitioning from prototype development to commercial deployment. This underscores the need for investor patience as companies navigate regulatory, technical, and market complexities. Broader Implications for Urban Transportation The expansion of air taxi services carries significant implications for the future of urban transportation. These vehicles offer a sustainable alternative to traditional transit modes, aligning with global efforts by governments and airlines to reduce emissions. South Korea’s early adoption of eVTOL technology could help establish international standards and accelerate industry momentum. Moreover, the partnership between Archer and Korean Air may drive further technological innovation and influence consumer acceptance, both of which are critical for widespread adoption. Regulatory clarity and public trust will be essential factors in determining the success of urban air mobility initiatives. While Archer’s expanded partnership strengthens its position in the global air taxi race, the journey toward profitability and mainstream adoption is expected to be gradual. The company’s progress highlights the complex interplay of innovation, competition, and regulatory approval that will shape the future of urban air transportation and determine which companies emerge as leaders in the skies above tomorrow’s cities.

Ghana’s Century Aviation Announces Air Taxi Service with C408 Aircraft Ghanaian helicopter operator Century Aviation has unveiled plans to launch fixed-wing scheduled air taxi and cargo services using the 19-seat SkyCourier 408 (C408) aircraft. This initiative represents a significant advancement in expanding regional air mobility options within Ghana. The announcement followed a demonstration flight conducted by Africair, the Textron Aviation distributor, on September 25. During the demonstration, the SkyCourier, registered as N408TA, flew from Accra to Ho, although the flight was not tracked via ADS-B data. Records show that the aircraft departed Wichita, Kansas, on September 8 and arrived in Accra on September 23 after a 16-day journey with multiple international stops. Regulatory Approval and Strategic Expansion The Ghana Civil Aviation Authority (GCAA) confirmed that Africair’s demonstration flight was authorized under a special one-time approval to assist Century Aviation in assessing potential future investments. At present, Century Aviation holds certification exclusively for offshore helicopter operations. The company’s strategic objective is to broaden its scope to include scheduled passenger and cargo services, focusing on underserved markets and enhancing charter offerings for multinational clients in the oil, gas, and mining industries. Century Aviation has collaborated with Africair over the past four years to develop a dependable air taxi service tailored to Ghana’s unique transportation demands. The introduction of the C408 aircraft aims to bridge gaps in regional connectivity, providing flexible solutions for both passenger travel and cargo transport. Challenges in a Competitive Market Despite these ambitions, Century Aviation faces considerable challenges in establishing itself within the emerging urban air mobility sector. Key obstacles include scaling up production of the C408, obtaining necessary regulatory approvals, and competing against established international players. Companies such as Archer Aviation and Joby Aviation have already made significant progress in the global air taxi market. Archer Aviation, for instance, maintains a $6 billion order book and is focused on reducing per-unit costs to enhance accessibility. Meanwhile, Joby Aviation is advancing its commercial launch plans in the UAE and Dubai, highlighting the intensifying competition and rapid technological advancements in the sector. These developments illustrate the competitive environment Century Aviation must navigate as it pursues its air taxi ambitions. The company’s efforts to introduce scheduled air taxi services in Ghana have the potential to reshape the nation’s regional air transport landscape, contingent upon overcoming production, regulatory, and market challenges. Century Aviation and Africair have been contacted for further comment.

Understanding Wet-Leasing Following Emirates Cargo Plane Incident in Hong Kong The recent incident involving an Emirates cargo plane in Hong Kong has brought renewed attention to the practice of wet leasing within the aviation industry. The accident, which tragically resulted in two fatalities and led to the temporary closure of the airport’s north runway, has sparked widespread discussions regarding the safety and regulatory oversight of wet-leased aircraft operations. Defining Wet Leasing and Its Operational Framework Wet leasing, often referred to as ACMI—an acronym for Aircraft, Crew, Maintenance, and Insurance—is a leasing arrangement where an airline leases not only the aircraft but also the crew, maintenance services, and insurance from another operator. Under such agreements, the lessor retains operational control, and the aircraft operates under the lessor’s Air Operator Certificate (AOC). This structure allows airlines to augment capacity or cover operational gaps without directly managing the leased aircraft’s day-to-day operations. Implications of the Emirates Incident on Industry Practices The Emirates cargo plane accident has exposed potential vulnerabilities inherent in wet-leasing arrangements, particularly concerning safety oversight and regulatory compliance. In response, aviation authorities are anticipated to intensify scrutiny of wet-leased operations, potentially introducing more stringent regulations to ensure uniform safety standards across all operators involved. Airlines that depend significantly on wet-leased aircraft may face increased market pressures and could be compelled to reevaluate their leasing strategies amid this heightened regulatory environment. Industry competitors are also expected to reassess their own wet-leasing practices and safety protocols to mitigate risks and preserve public trust. As investigations into the incident proceed, the aviation sector remains attentive to possible regulatory reforms and shifts in market dynamics that may influence the future role of wet leasing. This incident highlights the critical need for rigorous safety measures and clear operational control within wet-leasing agreements, as the industry strives to balance operational flexibility with uncompromising safety standards.

Archer Aviation’s Air Taxi Certification Delayed, Passenger Flights Deferred to 2026 Regulatory Setbacks and Revised Timelines Archer Aviation’s ambitious plan to launch battery-powered air taxi services has encountered a significant delay, with certification now unlikely before the end of 2025. Consequently, passenger flights have been postponed to 2026, according to sources cited by Bloomberg News. Regulatory authorities in the United Arab Emirates, initially expected to authorize the air taxis within the current year, are taking longer than anticipated to complete their review. Individuals familiar with the process, speaking on condition of anonymity, confirmed the extended timeline. This development represents a notable shift from Archer’s earlier projections. In February, the Palo Alto-based company had announced intentions to commence passenger flights “later this year.” The revised schedule, now targeting a 2026 launch in collaboration with its Abu Dhabi partners, delays the debut of the air taxi service by several months. Industry Challenges and Competitive Pressures The postponement arrives at a critical juncture for the emerging electric vertical takeoff and landing (eVTOL) sector, where regulatory approval remains a formidable challenge. The uncertainty surrounding the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA) certification timeline exemplifies the broader difficulties faced by companies introducing novel aviation technologies. Heightened regulatory scrutiny, coupled with the complexities of scaling production to meet rigorous safety standards, continues to exert pressure across the industry. This delay may also exacerbate investor concerns and intensify competition within the market. Rivals such as Joby Aviation could leverage the opportunity to accelerate their own certification processes and further validate the safety and viability of their eVTOL designs. In response to these industry dynamics, Archer has pursued strategic initiatives to bolster its position, including acquiring patents from Lilium and establishing partnerships with firms like Anduril Industries to enhance its technological capabilities and readiness for market entry. Despite these efforts, the certification delay highlights the substantial obstacles that remain for Archer and its competitors. The company’s capacity to navigate complex regulatory environments and sustain investor confidence will be closely monitored as the race to commercialize air taxi services advances.

AerFin Completes First A320neo Teardown in the Philippines, Marking Regional Milestone AerFin, a prominent aviation asset specialist, has successfully completed the disassembly of a 2017 Airbus A320neo at the SIA Engineering Company’s Philippines facility, SIAEP. This operation represents the first-ever teardown of an A320neo in the Philippines and marks SIAEP’s inaugural aircraft disassembly project. The achievement underscores the expanding roles of both AerFin and SIAEP within the aviation aftermarket sector. The teardown was completed within 30 days, setting a new standard for efficiency in the region. The aircraft, equipped with PW1100 engines, is part of AerFin’s growing portfolio of A320neo assets. The disassembly will provide high-quality used serviceable parts from one of the world’s most widely operated narrow-body aircraft, making these components readily available to operators and maintenance providers throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Strategic Importance and Regional Impact Paul Ashcroft, Senior Vice President of Asia Pacific at AerFin, highlighted the strategic significance of the project, stating that completing the teardown in the Philippines demonstrates the company’s commitment to the Asia-Pacific market. By positioning engines and components within the region, AerFin aims to reduce lead times and respond more swiftly to customer demand. This localized approach is expected to enhance operational efficiency for airlines and maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) providers by enabling faster turnaround times and lowering transportation costs. Through partnerships such as the one with SIAEP, AerFin is strengthening its regional presence and improving the supply chain for essential aviation components. This initiative supports the growing needs of the Asia-Pacific aviation sector and reflects a broader industry trend toward more efficient and sustainable aircraft lifecycle management. Challenges and Industry Context Despite the promising outlook, AerFin’s expansion into aircraft recycling and teardown in the region presents several challenges. The company must navigate complex logistics and regulatory compliance requirements inherent to aircraft recycling while ensuring sustained market demand for recycled parts. The move has attracted attention from both potential customers and competitors, with other lessors and storage companies likely to increase their own recycling operations to capture market share. Industry observers note that Tarmac Aerosave, a major player in aircraft recycling, anticipates additional AerFin aircraft arrivals, underscoring the competitive advantage held by companies capable of managing the recycling process efficiently. AerFin’s successful teardown in the Philippines exemplifies how regional collaboration and technical expertise can unlock new opportunities in aircraft lifecycle management. As the aviation aftermarket continues to evolve, localized and efficient solutions such as this are poised to play a crucial role in supporting airline operations and advancing sustainability objectives across the Asia-Pacific region.

TechPreneur and ZT1 Launch AI-Optimized Electrification Platform for Aviation and Energy TechPreneur Solutions WLL, a Qatar-based technology innovator, has entered into a strategic partnership with U.S.-headquartered ZT1 Technology Inc. to integrate advanced artificial intelligence into ZT1’s electrification and energy platforms. This collaboration seeks to unite clean aviation, predictive operations, and intelligent energy management, positioning Qatar as a regional hub for next-generation sustainable mobility solutions. Advancing Electrification Through AI Integration ZT1, recognized for its e-XL2 program—a fully electric aircraft developed in partnership with Liberty Aerospace—is leveraging TechPreneur’s AI expertise to enhance its ecosystem. The partnership will deploy AI-driven analytics to optimize fleet operations, enable prognostic health monitoring, and improve energy management across aerospace and microgrid applications. By harnessing operational data from flight and energy platforms, the collaboration aims to transform this information into actionable intelligence that enhances fleet performance, maintenance planning, and route efficiency. Rwdah Al-Subaiey, Founder and CEO of TechPreneur Solutions, highlighted Qatar’s strategic role in this initiative, stating, “Qatar offers a powerful environment to validate and scale future mobility solutions. By combining our AI capabilities with ZT1’s electrified propulsion and energy technologies, we are enabling data-driven intelligence that improves reliability, efficiency, and sustainability—positioning Qatar as a catalyst for the GCC’s next generation of clean aviation and smart-energy innovation.” Dr. Youcef Abdelli, Founder and CEO of ZT1 Technology, emphasized the transformative potential of the partnership, noting that the integration of AI will lay the foundation for the next era of electrified flight. He explained that the predictive capabilities developed through this collaboration mirror the advanced operational intelligence sought by major airlines for their future operations. Regional Impact and Challenges Ahead The partnership designates Qatar as the regional validation hub for both companies, supporting ground and flight test campaigns that will generate real-world data to refine AI-based optimization and performance improvements. The insights gained are expected to extend beyond aviation, informing new applications in energy management and microgrid operations. These advancements could benefit airports, logistics hubs, and sustainability programs throughout the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region. Despite the promising outlook, the collaboration faces several challenges in scaling its AI-optimized electrification platform to meet growing demands in the aviation and energy sectors. Market skepticism from traditional industry players may slow adoption, necessitating robust marketing efforts and clear demonstrations of the platform’s advantages. Competitive pressures are also anticipated, as rivals may increase investments in similar technologies or form strategic alliances, exemplified by Oracle’s recent collaboration with VoltaGrid on AI-powered data centers. Furthermore, regulatory hurdles and the need for substantial infrastructure upgrades to support AI-driven electrification present significant obstacles. Nonetheless, this partnership opens new avenues for AI-driven operational intelligence tailored to airline and fleet operators, with potential applications for regional aviation stakeholders aiming to enhance reliability and energy efficiency. For investors, the collaboration represents a valuable opportunity at the intersection of AI, electrification, and aviation intelligence, linking Qatar’s innovation ecosystem and the GCC’s sustainable mobility vision with ZT1’s engineering expertise. TechPreneur Solutions specializes in applied artificial intelligence and digital innovation across aviation, energy, and enterprise sectors. Meanwhile, ZT1 Technology focuses on developing electrified propulsion and microgrid systems for next-generation aircraft and clean mobility, advancing the transition toward sustainable flight and efficient energy infrastructure.

Web Manuals Simplifies AI Adoption for Business Aviation Introducing an AI Onboarding Package for Aviation Documentation Web Manuals has unveiled a new onboarding package designed to facilitate the integration of its AI-powered editing tool, Amelia Co-Author, within the business aviation sector. This initiative targets technical editors and compliance professionals, aiming to ease the transition from traditional manual documentation methods to AI-enhanced processes for managing aviation safety materials. By providing a structured support system, Web Manuals seeks to build confidence among users adopting artificial intelligence in a highly regulated environment. New customers who subscribe to the package by December 31, 2025, will benefit from an initial allocation of 10 million free tokens with their first Amelia Co-Author license, along with an additional five million tokens for each subsequent license. These tokens function as credits to fuel AI operations, enabling thousands of AI-assisted edits, rewrites, or table generations. Richard Sandström, Chief Technology Officer at Web Manuals, explained that a typical request consumes approximately 7,000 tokens, making the token allocation a practical way for teams to explore AI capabilities without significant upfront commitments. The package also offers a 50% discount on the first-year license fee, further lowering barriers to adoption. The Role of Amelia Co-Author and the Amelia AI Suite Amelia Co-Author forms a core component of the broader Amelia AI suite, which is engineered to enhance the efficiency of writing, rephrasing, and structuring regulatory content. Complementing this is Amelia AI Document Search, a tool that enables crew members and pilots to retrieve information through natural language queries, thereby supporting users throughout the entire document lifecycle. Sandström emphasized that Amelia Co-Author is central to Web Manuals’ mission to digitize aviation documentation, stating that these tools collectively are shaping the future of how aviation manuals are authored, accessed, and managed. Challenges and Market Dynamics The business aviation industry is under increasing pressure to modernize its documentation workflows. While AI offers the promise of streamlined compliance and reduced manual workload, Web Manuals faces several challenges. These include the necessity for ongoing technological updates to align with evolving regulatory standards and overcoming resistance from organizations accustomed to conventional document management practices. Skepticism regarding the reliability and efficiency of AI-driven solutions also persists within the sector. Market responses to this offering are anticipated to be varied. Some operators may welcome the opportunity to simplify compliance and lessen administrative burdens, whereas others might be cautious due to concerns over data security and the complexities involved in adopting new technologies. Competitors in the aviation document management space are expected to respond with enhanced features or competitive pricing strategies, while new entrants may leverage AI innovations to capture market share. Industry analysts, including Moody’s, have highlighted the risks of slow AI adoption, warning that it could lead to margin erosion and diminished market positioning, thereby underscoring the urgency for innovation. By providing a low-risk entry point coupled with significant incentives, Web Manuals aims to establish itself as a leader in AI-driven documentation solutions for business aviation, navigating the sector’s evolving expectations and competitive pressures.

Predictive Maintenance and Its Growing Role in Aerospace and Defense Advancements in sensor technology, artificial intelligence, and cloud computing are transforming predictive maintenance from a capability exclusive to large aerospace and defense corporations into an accessible tool for smaller, middle-market suppliers. According to industry experts Bruce Andrews and Joseph Lakaj of Alderman and Company, the declining costs of sensors, widespread availability of cloud-based platforms, and integration of AI analytics have collectively lowered barriers to entry, enabling a broader range of companies to adopt predictive maintenance strategies. Addressing Industry Pressures Through Technology The aerospace and defense sectors face increasing demands from customers to enhance reliability, manage tighter profit margins, and overcome persistent supply chain disruptions. Predictive maintenance emerges as a strategic response to these challenges by optimizing equipment lifecycles, reducing unplanned downtime, and improving operational efficiency. At its core, predictive maintenance seeks to identify the optimal timing for component replacement—balancing safety considerations with cost efficiency—thereby avoiding premature replacements and minimizing the risk of unexpected failures. Despite its promise, implementing predictive maintenance at the aircraft level has encountered significant obstacles, primarily due to limited data availability. Airlines often hesitate to share operational data, resulting in incomplete datasets that impede the development of comprehensive predictive models for entire fleets. Furthermore, reliance on commercial vendors for technical data, as seen in complex programs like the F-35 Lightning II, complicates data integration and access. Opportunities for Smaller Suppliers and Defense Applications Smaller aerospace and defense suppliers, however, do not require the extensive datasets of global airlines to benefit from predictive maintenance. Depending on their specific operations, these companies can deploy a variety of technologies, such as Internet of Things (IoT) sensors on CNC machines and heat treatment equipment, or monitoring systems on testing rigs. These tools help reduce unplanned downtime and enhance equipment reliability. In aftermarket services and component lifecycle management, predictive maintenance enables suppliers to anticipate part failures, accelerate turnaround times, and differentiate their service offerings. In defense applications, predictive maintenance data can be packaged as a value-added service for commercial primes and defense contracts, providing smaller suppliers with a competitive edge. The growing integration of advanced data analytics and AI is critical, as companies seek deeper insights and more precise maintenance scheduling to meet evolving operational demands. Market Trends and Implementation Strategies The market is responding to these technological shifts with increased investment in smart technologies. Companies are adopting predictive maintenance alongside Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES) to enable real-time monitoring and cycle-based maintenance scheduling, thereby maintaining competitiveness in a rapidly evolving landscape. For organizations beginning their predictive maintenance journey, experts advise focusing on critical assets—particularly high-cost or bottleneck machinery where downtime has the greatest impact. Leveraging existing, cost-effective Industry 4.0 platforms allows companies to implement predictive maintenance without the need for bespoke solutions. The data collected can be seamlessly integrated into operational workflows to enhance efficiency, reduce scrap and rework, and improve cost control. This approach ultimately enables skilled personnel to concentrate less on reactive repairs and more on delivering differentiated products and services, strengthening the company’s position within the aerospace and defense industry.

Engine Shortages Ground New Aircraft Production Castellon Airport: A Symbol of the Crisis Castellon airport in eastern Spain has emerged as a stark emblem of the global engine shortage afflicting the aviation industry. Rows of nearly new Airbus aircraft, particularly the A321neo, lie grounded and are being dismantled for parts. This crisis, primarily driven by delays in the manufacturing and maintenance of Pratt & Whitney’s geared turbofan (GTF) engines, has compelled airlines and lessors to strip jets even as demand for air travel remains strong. The shortage of these next-generation, fuel-efficient engines has dramatically altered market dynamics, with engines that once powered new aircraft now commanding prices up to $20 million on the secondary market—often surpassing the value of the aircraft themselves. At Castellon, workers are engaged in removing valuable components, underscoring the severity of the supply chain disruption. Lee McConnellogue, CEO of UK-based eCube, a company specializing in aircraft disassembly, described the scale of this trend as unprecedented, highlighting the extent to which grounded aircraft are being cannibalized to meet parts demand. Industry-Wide Impact and Financial Implications The repercussions of the engine shortage extend well beyond Castellon. The International Air Transport Association (IATA) warns that ongoing aerospace supply chain disruptions could cost airlines more than $11 billion in 2025. The backlog of commercial aircraft orders has surged to a record high, with over 17,000 planes awaiting delivery in 2024. Consequently, airlines are compelled to revise their fleet strategies, often prolonging the operational life of older, less fuel-efficient aircraft to mitigate the impact of delayed deliveries. This crisis is not confined to Airbus or Pratt & Whitney. Boeing and Embraer are also contending with engine-related challenges. Operators of the Boeing 737 Max 8, such as Ascend Airways, have faced reliability issues with CFM International’s LEAP-1B engines, while other manufacturers confront similar difficulties with their next-generation propulsion systems. These widespread problems have led to production delays and cost overruns across the aviation sector. Market Responses and Future Outlook While airlines grapple with grounded fleets and postponed deliveries, some financial owners and lessors have capitalized on the situation by profiting from the sale of spare engines and parts. The crisis has sparked industry-wide discussions about the urgent need for more reliable, fuel-efficient engines and the development of future technologies to maintain competitiveness and meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations. Despite concerted efforts by manufacturers and airlines to manage the shortage, the disruption continues to challenge global aviation. The grounded aircraft at Castellon serve as a poignant reminder of the far-reaching consequences of supply chain vulnerabilities and underscore the pressing necessity for innovation in aircraft propulsion systems.

Chapman Freeborn Appoints Saska Gerasimova as Group CEO Amid Industry Challenges Chapman Freeborn, a leading global air charter specialist, has announced the appointment of Saska Gerasimova as its new Group CEO, effective October 20. She succeeds Eric Erbacher, who will transition to the role of Chair of the Chapman Freeborn Holdings Board after more than five years as CEO. This leadership change represents a significant milestone in the company’s ongoing transformation, underscoring a renewed strategic focus as it confronts an increasingly competitive and volatile aviation and logistics environment. Leadership Transition and Strategic Vision Saska Gerasimova brings a wealth of experience spanning aviation leasing, freight, logistics, and fleet management. Prior to joining Chapman Freeborn, she held the position of senior supply chain manager at Amazon Air Europe and previously occupied senior roles at Smartwings Group, including fleet director and leasing manager. Her appointment comes at a critical juncture for the aviation sector, which is currently grappling with heightened scrutiny and market volatility, exemplified by recent declines in market valuations among major industry players such as the Tata Group. As Group CEO, Gerasimova is focused on enhancing Chapman Freeborn’s agility and customer-centric approach while driving operational efficiency. She has identified the company’s 2030 strategic plan as a foundational framework for future growth. Emphasizing the importance of clarity, trust, and teamwork, Gerasimova has expressed a strong commitment to strengthening customer relationships and deepening engagement with teams across the globe. To this end, she plans to visit regional hubs to gain direct insight into local operations and foster stronger organizational connections. Navigating Market Dynamics and Future Prospects The leadership transition also positions Chapman Freeborn to respond proactively to evolving competitor strategies. As rivals in the logistics and aviation sectors adjust to shifting market conditions, the company’s operational strategies are expected to evolve accordingly to maintain its market position and capitalize on emerging opportunities. Outgoing CEO Eric Erbacher reflected on his tenure, which saw significant growth and diversification under his leadership. In his new role as Chair of the Board, Erbacher intends to focus more intensively on customer engagement, securing key deals, and steering the company’s long-term strategic direction. He expressed confidence in Gerasimova’s leadership, welcoming her to the company and underscoring the continuity of vision and purpose. With Gerasimova at the helm and Erbacher’s ongoing guidance, Chapman Freeborn embarks on a new chapter aimed at balancing innovation with stability. The company seeks to remain resilient and forward-looking amid economic uncertainties and ongoing industry shifts.